Lesson 1Medication fundamentals: metformin mechanism, dosing, side effects, contraindications, and interactionsReviews metformin pharmacology, covering mechanism of action, dosing, titration, common gastrointestinal side effects, contraindications, and key interactions, so nurses can monitor safety and educate patients well.
Metformin mechanisms and clinical benefitsInitiation, titration, and dosing schedulesCommon side effects and mitigation tipsRenal, hepatic, and cardiac precautionsImportant drug and contrast interactionsLesson 2Impact of shift work and irregular meals on glycemic control and circadian effectsLooks at how shift work, sleep disruption, and irregular meals affect body clocks, stress hormones, and insulin sensitivity, causing unstable blood sugar, and suggests nursing strategies for better schedules and meal planning.
Circadian biology and glucose regulationEffects of night shifts on insulin sensitivityMeal timing, composition, and glycemiaSleep deprivation, stress, and hormonesNursing strategies for shift-working patientsLesson 3Interpretation of glucose measurements: fasting, pre/post-prandial, random, and A1c correlationsCovers reading fasting, pre- and post-meal, random glucose, and A1c levels, including usual targets, patterns, and limits, helping nurses spot worrying trends, errors, and when to seek higher care.
Fasting and pre-prandial glucose targetsPost-prandial glucose interpretationRandom glucose and symptom correlationUnderstanding A1c and estimated average glucoseWhen results warrant provider notificationLesson 4Short-term glycemic targets and individualised goals for adults (including frailty and comorbidities)Details short-term blood sugar targets and personalising goals by age, frailty, other conditions, and low sugar risk, so nurses can match education, monitoring, and actions to safe, practical treatment plans.
Standard outpatient glucose and A1c targetsAdjusting goals for frailty and comorbiditiesBalancing control with hypoglycemia riskShort-term goals during illness or stressDocumenting and reinforcing agreed targetsLesson 5Clinical presentation and complications relevant to outpatient care (hyperglycaemia symptoms, vision changes, fatigue)Describes common clinic presentations of type 2 diabetes, like high blood sugar symptoms, vision changes, fatigue, and early issues, aiding nurses to assess severity, educate, and arrange prompt follow-up.
Typical symptoms of hyperglycemiaSubacute vision changes and eye risksFatigue, weight change, and mood effectsEarly neuropathy and foot complicationsWhen to expedite specialty referralsLesson 6Self-monitoring of blood glucose: selecting meters, teaching technique, frequency, and documentationGives advice on choosing blood glucose meters, teaching step-by-step technique, setting monitoring frequency, and recording results, helping nurses promote accurate home checks and good use of data.
Choosing an appropriate glucose meterTeaching hand hygiene and lancing techniqueCorrect strip use and meter maintenanceDetermining SMBG timing and frequencyRecording, reviewing, and sharing readingsLesson 7Acute hyperglycaemia and urgent warning signs requiring escalation or ED referralOutlines spotting and initial handling of acute high blood sugar, including danger signs of DKA and HHS, dehydration, and confusion, and when to escalate urgently or send to A&E.
Recognizing symptomatic severe hyperglycemiaRed flags for DKA and HHS in adultsAssessing dehydration and vital sign changesHome management versus urgent evaluationCriteria for ED referral and clear teachingLesson 8Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, and beta-cell dysfunctionExplains type 2 diabetes mechanisms, focusing on insulin resistance, beta-cell failure, and roles of liver, muscle, fat tissue, helping nurses link disease processes to clinical signs and treatments.
Normal glucose and insulin physiology reviewMechanisms of insulin resistance in tissuesProgressive beta-cell dysfunction and lossRole of liver, muscle, and adipose tissueInflammation, genetics, and lifestyle factorsLesson 9Nursing assessment priorities: vital signs, neuropathy screening, foot exam, vision screening, medication adherenceHighlights key nursing checks for type 2 diabetes, like vitals, nerve and foot screens, eye checks, and medicine compliance, to catch risks early and guide person-centred care.
Baseline and serial vital sign assessmentScreening for peripheral and autonomic neuropathyStructured diabetic foot inspection and risk gradingVision screening and referral pathwaysAssessing medication adherence and barriers
