Lesson 1Path of Radial Nerve in Axilla and Upper Arm: Relations to Axillary Vessels, Humeral Head, and Latissimus DorsiIn this lesson, we trace the radial nerve through the axilla and upper arm, explaining its relations to the axillary artery, humeral head, latissimus dorsi, and surrounding tissues, with focus on compression points, injury risks, and surgical access routes commonly encountered in local trauma cases.
Relations to axillary artery and veinPath around humeral head and neckRelations to latissimus dorsi and teres majorFascial tunnels and potential compression sitesSurgical approaches in the upper armLesson 2Key Landmarks for Bedside Localisation and Surgical Exposure: Lateral Epicondyle, Radial Head, Spiral Groove, Supinator TunnelThis lesson highlights reliable surface and deep landmarks for locating the radial nerve and its branches, aiding bedside assessments, ultrasound scans, and surgical exposures around the lateral epicondyle, radial head, spiral groove, and supinator tunnel in clinical settings.
Palpation of lateral epicondyle and radial headLocating the spiral groove on the humerusIdentifying the supinator tunnel regionUltrasound landmarks for radial branchesSafe windows for surgical approachesLesson 3Relevant Microanatomy: Epineurium, Perineurium, Endoneurium, Vasa Nervorum and Implications for Injury and RecoveryWe explore the microanatomy of the radial nerve, covering epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium, and vasa nervorum, and discuss how these structures react to stretch, compression, or cuts, influencing regeneration, neuroma development, and repair techniques in nerve injury management.
Epineurial structure and surgical handlingPerineurium and fascicular organisationEndoneurial tubes and axonal supportVasa nervorum and ischaemic vulnerabilityMicroanatomy and regeneration patternsLesson 4Brachial Plexus Roots and Contribution to Radial Nerve (C5–T1): Posterior Cord Formation and Anatomical VariantsThis lesson reviews how C5–T1 roots form the posterior cord and radial nerve, noting spatial relations in the neck and axilla, common variants, and their effects on weakness, sensory loss, and electrodiagnostic results in patient evaluations.
C5–T1 root contributions to radial nerveTopography of trunks, divisions, and cordsPosterior cord formation and branching patternCommon root and cord anatomical variantsClinical impact of high or low root lesionsLesson 5Posterior Interosseous Nerve (PIN): Entry through Supinator (Arcade of Frohse), Motor Branches to Forearm Extensors, Typical Branching PatternFocusing on the posterior interosseous nerve, this lesson covers its path through the supinator and arcade of Frohse to motor branches for forearm extensors, including typical and variant patterns relevant to selective palsies and surgical planning.
Entry beneath ECRB to supinatorArcade of Frohse anatomy and variantsIntramuscular course within supinatorMotor branches to wrist and finger extensorsPatterns in selective PIN palsiesLesson 6Spiral (Radial) Groove Anatomy: Position Relative to Humerus, Branches to Triceps and Anconeus, Vascular RelationsThis lesson analyses the spiral groove, describing its position on the back of the humerus, relations to triceps and anconeus branches, nearby blood vessels, and vulnerabilities in fractures, entrapments, and surgeries common in orthopaedic practice.
Surface and radiographic localisationRelations to triceps and anconeus branchesContact with posterior humeral cortexRadial collateral and profunda brachii vesselsRisk zones in humeral shaft fracturesLesson 7Terminal Motor and Sensory Territories: Extensor Compartment Muscles, Triceps, Brachioradialis, Anconeus, Finger Extensors, and Dorsal Hand Sensory MapMapping terminal motor and sensory areas, this lesson links radial nerve branches to extensor muscles, triceps, brachioradialis, anconeus, and dorsal hand skin, supporting accurate bedside localisation and electrodiagnostic analysis.
Motor map of triceps and anconeusInnervation of wrist and finger extensorsBrachioradialis and ECRL innervation zonesDorsal hand and thumb sensory territoriesPatterns of overlap with median and ulnarLesson 8Common Anatomical Variants Influencing Clinical Presentation: High Bifurcation, Accessory Branches, Variable Innervation of Brachioradialis and ECUReviewing common variants like high bifurcation, accessory branches, and variable innervation of brachioradialis and ECU, this lesson explains how they change clinical signs, nerve conduction studies, and surgical outcomes in diverse patient populations.
High radial bifurcation patternsAccessory branches to triceps or brachialisVariable innervation of brachioradialisECU and ECRB innervation variantsImpact on EMG and nerve conduction testsLesson 9Division at Lateral Epicondyle/Elbow: Superficial Sensory Branch and Deep Branch (Posterior Interosseous Nerve) Anatomical DetailsExamining the radial nerve split near the lateral epicondyle, this lesson contrasts the superficial sensory and deep motor (PIN) branches, their fascicular setup, relations to the radial head, and risks for entrapment, injections, and decompression surgeries.
Anatomy at the lateral epicondyleBranching into superficial and deep branchesRelations to radial head and joint capsuleFascicular topography at the bifurcationEntrapment and iatrogenic injury risksLesson 10Forearm Course of Superficial Branch: Subcutaneous Path, Branches to Dorsum of Hand and Anatomic SnuffboxTracing the superficial radial nerve in the forearm, this lesson details its subcutaneous route, fascial planes, branches to the hand dorsum and snuffbox, guiding sensory tests, blocks, and incisions in hand surgery.
Course deep to brachioradialisTransition to subcutaneous positionBranches to dorsum of hand and fingersAnatomic snuffbox relations and branchesSites of Wartenberg syndrome compression
