Lesson 1Fuel storage and distribution depots: evaporation, loading/unloading, fugitive leaks, combustion sources and typical pollutantsThis section examines emissions from fuel storage and distribution depots, including tank breathing losses, loading and unloading operations, fugitive leaks, and on-site combustion, with focus on VOC and air toxics profiles.
Aboveground and underground storage tanksWorking, breathing, and standing lossesTruck and rail loading rack emissionsFugitive leaks from valves and fittingsOn-site combustion and flare emissionsLesson 2Emission factors and inventories: using EPA AP-42, MOVES, and industry-specific emission factor sources for estimating ratesThis section explains how to use EPA AP-42, MOVES, and industry-specific emission factors to estimate source strengths, covering activity data, temporal allocation, uncertainty, and documentation for urban emission inventories.
Structure and use of EPA AP-42 factorsMOVES for on-road and nonroad sourcesIndustry-specific and vendor factor sourcesSelecting activity data and temporal profilesUncertainty, QA, and documentationLesson 3Characterization of traffic sources: vehicle types, fleet composition, diesel vs gasoline, congestion effectsThis section characterises traffic-related emissions by vehicle class, fuel type, fleet age, and operating conditions, highlighting congestion, cold starts, and driving cycles that shape pollutant profiles in mixed-use corridors.
Vehicle classes and fleet compositionGasoline versus diesel emission patternsCold starts, hot soaks, and idlingCongestion, speed, and driving cyclesBrake, tire, and road dust emissionsLesson 4Practical methods to survey local sources: traffic counts, facility inventories, permit databases, and field reconnaissance reportsThis section presents practical methods to identify and quantify local sources, including traffic counts, facility inventories, permit databases, and field reconnaissance, emphasising data quality and spatial coverage.
Designing traffic count campaignsCompiling facility and land-use inventoriesUsing air permit and compliance databasesField reconnaissance and source mappingIntegrating multiple local data sourcesLesson 5Pollutant-species mapping: PM2.5, PM10, NOx, SO2, CO, VOCs, benzene, formaldehyde, NH3, and ozone precursorsThis section links common urban sources to key pollutant species, including PM2.5, PM10, NOx, SO2, CO, VOCs, air toxics, NH3, and ozone precursors, supporting speciation profiles and receptor modelling applications.
Primary versus secondary pollutant conceptsPM2.5 and PM10 source contribution patternsNOx, SO2, and CO emission linkagesVOCs, benzene, and formaldehyde sourcesNH3 and ozone precursor source rolesLesson 6Emissions from light industry: metalworking, printing processes, solvent use and typical pollutant profilesThis section analyses emissions from light industrial activities such as metalworking, printing, and solvent use, emphasising operating conditions, control practices, and resulting pollutant profiles relevant to urban mixed-use neighbourhoods.
Metal cutting, welding, and surface preparationPrinting presses, inks, and cleaning operationsSolvent degreasing and coating applicationsTypical VOC, PM, and air toxics profilesEmission controls and good work practicesLesson 7Operational reasons for emissions: combustion processes, evaporation, abrasion, fugitive leaks, and secondary formation mechanismsThis section reviews operational mechanisms that generate emissions, including combustion, evaporation, abrasion, fugitive leaks, and secondary formation, linking physical processes to pollutant types and control opportunities.
Combustion stages and flame conditionsEvaporation from liquids and surfacesMechanical abrasion and wear processesFugitive leaks from equipment componentsAtmospheric secondary pollutant formationLesson 8Residential and commercial combustion: heating, cooking, small boilers and associated emissionsThis section covers combustion in homes and businesses, including space heating, water heating, and cooking, explaining fuel choices, appliance types, operating patterns, and the resulting gaseous and particulate emissions in urban districts.
Space and water heating technologiesGas, oil, biomass, and electric cookingSmall boilers and packaged heating unitsCombustion chemistry and pollutant formationIndoor-outdoor emission pathways
