Lesson 1AP pelvis: patient positioning, centering (midline at iliac crest or midway between ASIS and symphysis), SID, beam direction, and leg rotationThis lesson explains AP pelvis positioning landmarks, centering choices, SID selection, beam direction, and leg rotation to show femoral necks while minimising discomfort and preventing pelvic distortion in radiographic imaging.
Align midsagittal plane to table midlineCenter midway ASIS–symphysis or iliac crestSelect standard 40-inch SID for pelvisDirect beam perpendicular to image receptorInternally rotate legs 15–20 degreesLesson 2AP knee: preparation, clothing removal, and comfort/immobilisation strategiesThis lesson addresses patient greeting, checking mobility restrictions, removing clothing and artefacts, and using supports or immobilisation to keep knee extension and comfort, reducing motion during AP knee radiography.
Confirm mobility limits and pain levelRemove pants, braces, and metallic itemsUse sponges to support knee and ankleImmobilize with sandbags or strapsProvide blankets and explain sensationsLesson 3AP knee common errors (e.g., cut-off, rotation, underexposure) and corrective measuresThis lesson analyses typical AP knee errors like rotation, cut-off, and underexposure, teaching image recognition and step-by-step corrections for positioning, collimation, and exposure to enhance exam quality.
Recognize internal or external rotationIdentify cutoff of patella or condylesDetect underexposure and image noiseCorrect flexion and realign joint spaceAdjust collimation and repeat if neededLesson 4AP pelvis: patient prep, clothing/jewellery removal, and immobilisationThis lesson details patient identification, pregnancy screening, removing clothing and jewellery, and immobilisation techniques to limit motion and boost comfort before an AP pelvis radiographic examination.
Verify identity and explain procedureScreen for pregnancy and recent imagingRemove pants, underwear, and jewelrySecure gown and maintain patient privacyUse sponges and straps to limit motionLesson 5AP pelvis: three objective image quality criteria (pelvic symmetry, femoral neck visibility, absence of motion)This lesson defines three main AP pelvis quality criteria—pelvic symmetry, femoral neck visibility, and no motion—and guides systematic evaluation of each on finished images for diagnostic accuracy.
Check symmetry of iliac wings and obturatorsConfirm full visualization of femoral necksAssess sharp cortical and trabecular detailLook for motion blur in pelvic structuresDocument findings for quality assuranceLesson 6AP knee: suggested exposure ranges (kVp and mAs) for adult extremity imaging and expected image characteristicsThis lesson outlines standard kVp and mAs ranges for adult AP knee imaging, adaptations for body habitus, and anticipated radiographic features like cortical detail, trabecular patterns, and joint space clarity.
Select baseline kVp for adult kneesAdjust mAs for habitus and table buckyRecognize adequate penetration of condylesAssess cortical sharpness and trabeculaeEvaluate joint space and soft tissue detailLesson 7AP knee image quality criteria (joint space visualisation, absence of rotation, cortical outlines)This lesson explains AP knee quality standards, including joint space visualisation, no rotation, and distinct cortical outlines, demonstrating consistent application in routine clinical radiographic practice.
Evaluate medial and lateral joint spacesConfirm patella centered over femurAssess cortical margins for sharpnessCheck for motion blur or double outlinesRecord quality issues and corrective stepsLesson 8AP knee: detailed positioning, centering (tibiofemoral joint), SID, beam angulation if required, and collimation/grid useThis lesson provides step-by-step AP knee positioning, leg alignment, centering on the tibiofemoral joint, SID, optional beam angulation, and choices for collimation and grid based on patient size.
Align femur and tibia with table midlineCenter to tibiofemoral joint spaceUse standard 40-inch SID for kneesApply 3–5° caudal tilt when indicatedCollimate tightly decide on grid useLesson 9AP knee: patient ID and pre-exam checks relevant to knee imagingThis lesson emphasises confirming patient identity, correct side and indication, allergy and implant history, and safety checks for AP knee imaging, including recent trauma and weight-bearing ability.
Use two identifiers and verify exam sideConfirm clinical history and indicationsCheck for prostheses, hardware, or bracesReview recent trauma and pain severityConfirm pregnancy status when applicableLesson 10AP pelvis: patient ID, pregnancy check, and relevant pre-checksThis lesson describes patient identification, pregnancy screening, reviewing prior imaging, and essential safety pre-checks required before conducting an AP pelvis radiographic examination.
Use two identifiers and verify requestConfirm correct exam and clinical questionScreen for pregnancy and LMP detailsReview prior pelvic imaging and reportsCheck mobility limits and pain levelLesson 11AP pelvis: collimation, grid usage, and typical exposure factor ranges (kVp and mAs) with rationaleThis lesson covers AP pelvis collimation limits, grid use indications, and standard adult exposure ranges, explaining how kVp and mAs selections influence contrast, dose, and pelvic anatomy visualisation.
Define superior and inferior collimation limitsInclude lateral soft tissues without excess fieldSelect grid for adult pelvis thicknessChoose baseline kVp and adjust for habitusBalance mAs for noise and patient doseLesson 12AP pelvis common errors (e.g., rotation, incorrect leg rotation) and prevention/correctionThis lesson reviews common AP pelvis errors like pelvic rotation, wrong leg rotation, and cut-off, with detection strategies on images and positioning corrections to avoid repeat exposures.
Identify pelvic rotation on imageRecognize inadequate leg internal rotationDetect cutoff of iliac wings or symphysisCorrect flexed knees or pelvic tiltDocument and learn from repeat images
