Lesson 1Earthing/grounding systems: design, testing (soil resistivity, fall-of-potential), touch/step potentials, and equipotential bondingThis lesson covers how to design earthing systems like grids, rods, and bonding. You'll learn about soil resistivity tests, fall-of-potential method, touch and step potentials, and how to supervise regular testing and fix any issues found.
Grounding grid components and layoutSoil resistivity surveys and data useFall-of-potential and clamp-on testingTouch and step potential risk controlEquipotential bonding and continuity checksLesson 2Dry-type distribution transformers: construction, ventilation, loss mechanisms, and deratingLearn about dry-type transformer build, insulation, and cooling. It covers what causes losses, temperature rise, how to derate for height and harmonics, and key places to check for dust, hot spots, and loose connections.
Core, windings, and insulation arrangementsVentilation paths, ducts, and enclosure typesNo-load and load losses, hotspots, and agingThermal classes, temperature rise, and sensorsDerating for altitude, harmonics, and enclosureLesson 3Station auxiliary systems: DC charging systems, battery types and maintenance, battery chargers, AC/DC distributionThis covers DC power for substations, batteries, chargers, and distribution. Learn battery types, checks, capacity tests, charger settings, backups, and how to oversee records and maintenance schedules properly.
DC system roles in control and protectionBattery chemistries, sizing, and layoutBattery inspection, testing, and replacementCharger modes, settings, and alarmsDC panel distribution, fuses, and labelingLesson 4Cooling, ventilation, and HVAC for transformer rooms and control roomsUnderstand cooling and air needs for transformer and control rooms, heat load, air flow, filters. Covers backups, monitoring, alarms, and supervising cleaning, filter changes, and performance tests.
Heat load estimation and equipment lossesVentilation paths and airflow managementHVAC system types and redundancy optionsTemperature, humidity, and alarm settingsFilter maintenance and condenser cleaningLesson 5Protection relays: overcurrent, differential, gas (Buchholz), transformer protection schemes, and relay logicGet to know relay types for transformer substations like overcurrent, differential, Buchholz. Learn logic diagrams, settings check, trip coordination, and supervising tests, records, and changes.
Overcurrent and earth fault relay functionsDifferential protection principles and settingsGas (Buchholz) relay operation and alarmsTransformer protection scheme architecturesRelay logic, interlocks, and trip testingLesson 6Electrical single-line diagrams, bus configurations, and substation layoutsLearn to read single-line diagrams, bus setups, substation plans. Focus on power flow, isolation points, equipment locations for safe switching and maintenance planning.
Single-line symbols and notationsBus configurations and operating modesFeeder, transformer, and tie arrangementsPhysical layout of yards and roomsUsing drawings for switching and taggingLesson 7Circuit breaker types for 13.8 kV and 0.48 kV (vacuum, SF6, air), operating mechanisms, trip coils, and auxiliary contactsReview breaker types for medium and low voltage like vacuum, SF6, air. Covers operating parts, trip coils, auxiliary contacts, and supervising inspections, timing tests, lubrication, interlocks.
Vacuum, SF6, and air breaker applicationsInterrupting ratings, duty cycles, and limitsSpring, magnetic, and motor mechanismsTrip coils, close coils, and supervision relaysAuxiliary contacts, wiring, and interlocksLesson 8Power transformer design, ratings, cooling (ONAN/ONAF), OLTC construction and operationDetails on power transformer ratings, impedance, vector groups, ONAN/ONAF cooling. Explains OLTC parts, tap selector, diverter, control, and supervising inspections, oil checks, tap tests.
Nameplate data, MVA, voltage, and impedanceCooling modes ONAN, ONAF, and monitoring needsTemperature indicators, alarms, and tripsOLTC mechanical parts and oil compartmentsTap change control, sequencing, and testingLesson 9Instrumentation and metering: CTs/VTs, accuracy classes, wiring, and metering checksCovers CT/VT functions, accuracy classes, burden limits, polarity, wiring, isolation. Includes metering checks, ratio/phase verification, supervising tests and records.
CT and VT roles in measurement and protectionAccuracy classes, burden, and saturation limitsPolarity, phase orientation, and marking checksWiring diagrams, terminal blocks, and shieldingMetering test plans, ratios, and error evaluationLesson 10Oil handling systems: filtration, storage, filling, and safety measures for oil-immersed transformersOil handling for power transformers: storage, filtration, filling. Covers contamination risks, safety, spill control, supervising contractors, test reports, procedures.
Oil properties, tests, and acceptance limitsStorage tanks, drums, and labeling rulesFiltration, dehydration, and degassing stepsFilling, topping up, and sampling methodsSpill response, fire safety, and PPE useLesson 11Human-machine interfaces and SCADA basics relevant to substation monitoring and alarmsIntro to HMI/SCADA for substation monitoring, control, alarms. Covers setups, communication, screens, alarm handling, logs, supervising access and changes.
SCADA architecture and data flow overviewHMI screen types, mimic diagrams, and trendsAlarm priorities, filtering, and responseEvent logs, SOE, and disturbance recordsUser roles, passwords, and change trackingLesson 12Standards, codes, and regulatory compliance relevant to substations (IEC, IEEE, local regulations)Key IEC, IEEE, local standards for substation design, equipment, maintenance. Supervisor duties in compliance, documentation, audits, managing code updates.
IEC and IEEE standards for transformersBreaker, relay, and DC system standardsGrounding, insulation, and safety standardsLocal electrical codes and permitting needsCompliance audits, records, and updates
