Lesson 1AP pelvis: patient positioning, centering (midline at iliac crest or midway between ASIS and symphysis), SID, beam direction, and leg rotationThis lesson explains AP pelvis positioning landmarks, centering choices, SID selection, beam direction, and suitable leg rotation to show femoral necks while easing patient discomfort and preventing pelvic distortion in Namibian exams.
Align midsagittal plane to table midlineCenter midway ASIS–symphysis or iliac crestSelect standard 40-inch SID for pelvisDirect beam perpendicular to image receptorInternally rotate legs 15–20 degreesLesson 2AP knee: preparation, clothing removal, and comfort/immobilisation strategiesThis lesson addresses patient greeting, mobility verification, clothing and artefact removal, and support or immobilisation use to sustain knee extension and comfort, reducing motion in AP knee radiography in Namibia.
Confirm mobility limits and pain levelRemove pants, braces, and metallic itemsUse sponges to support knee and ankleImmobilize with sandbags or strapsProvide blankets and explain sensationsLesson 3AP knee common errors (e.g., cut-off, rotation, underexposure) and corrective measuresThis lesson analyses common AP knee errors like rotation, cutoff, and underexposure, teaching image recognition and step-by-step corrections for positioning, collimation, and exposure in Namibian practice.
Recognize internal or external rotationIdentify cutoff of patella or condylesDetect underexposure and image noiseCorrect flexion and realign joint spaceAdjust collimation and repeat if neededLesson 4AP pelvis: patient prep, clothing/jewellery removal, and immobilisationThis lesson details patient identification, pregnancy screening, clothing and jewellery removal, and immobilisation approaches that limit motion and boost comfort for AP pelvis examinations in Namibian clinics.
Verify identity and explain procedureScreen for pregnancy and recent imagingRemove pants, underwear, and jewelrySecure gown and maintain patient privacyUse sponges and straps to limit motionLesson 5AP pelvis: three objective image quality criteria (pelvic symmetry, femoral neck visibility, absence of motion)This lesson defines three essential AP pelvis quality standards—pelvic symmetry, femoral neck visibility, and no motion—and guides systematic evaluation of each on finished images in routine checks.
Check symmetry of iliac wings and obturatorsConfirm full visualization of femoral necksAssess sharp cortical and trabecular detailLook for motion blur in pelvic structuresDocument findings for quality assuranceLesson 6AP knee: suggested exposure ranges (kVp and mAs) for adult extremity imaging and expected image characteristicsThis lesson outlines typical kVp and mAs for adult AP knee imaging, adaptations for habitus, and anticipated radiographic features like cortical detail, trabecular patterns, and joint space clarity in Namibia.
Select baseline kVp for adult kneesAdjust mAs for habitus and table buckyRecognize adequate penetration of condylesAssess cortical sharpness and trabeculaeEvaluate joint space and soft tissue detailLesson 7AP knee image quality criteria (joint space visualisation, absence of rotation, cortical outlines)This lesson explains AP knee quality criteria, including joint space visibility, no rotation, and distinct cortical outlines, demonstrating consistent application in daily Namibian radiographic evaluations.
Evaluate medial and lateral joint spacesConfirm patella centered over femurAssess cortical margins for sharpnessCheck for motion blur or double outlinesRecord quality issues and corrective stepsLesson 8AP knee: detailed positioning, centering (tibiofemoral joint), SID, beam angulation if required, and collimation/grid useThis lesson provides step-by-step AP knee positioning, leg alignment, centering to tibiofemoral joint, SID, optional beam angulation, and collimation/grid decisions for varied patient sizes in Namibia.
Align femur and tibia with table midlineCenter to tibiofemoral joint spaceUse standard 40-inch SID for kneesApply 3–5° caudal tilt when indicatedCollimate tightly decide on grid useLesson 9AP knee: patient ID and pre-exam checks relevant to knee imagingThis lesson focuses on verifying patient identity, correct side and indication, allergy and implant history, and safety checks for AP knee imaging, including trauma and weight-bearing details in Namibia.
Use two identifiers and verify exam sideConfirm clinical history and indicationsCheck for prostheses, hardware, or bracesReview recent trauma and pain severityConfirm pregnancy status when applicableLesson 10AP pelvis: patient ID, pregnancy check, and relevant pre-checksThis lesson describes patient identification, pregnancy screening, prior imaging review, and safety pre-checks required before AP pelvis exams to ensure compliance in Namibian healthcare standards.
Use two identifiers and verify requestConfirm correct exam and clinical questionScreen for pregnancy and LMP detailsReview prior pelvic imaging and reportsCheck mobility limits and pain levelLesson 11AP pelvis: collimation, grid usage, and typical exposure factor ranges (kVp and mAs) with rationaleThis lesson covers AP pelvis collimation limits, grid indications, and standard adult exposure ranges, explaining kVp and mAs effects on contrast, dose, and pelvic anatomy visualisation in practice.
Define superior and inferior collimation limitsInclude lateral soft tissues without excess fieldSelect grid for adult pelvis thicknessChoose baseline kVp and adjust for habitusBalance mAs for noise and patient doseLesson 12AP pelvis common errors (e.g., rotation, incorrect leg rotation) and prevention/correctionThis lesson reviews frequent AP pelvis errors like pelvic rotation, wrong leg rotation, and cutoff, offering image detection strategies and positioning corrections to avoid repeats in Namibian workflows.
Identify pelvic rotation on imageRecognize inadequate leg internal rotationDetect cutoff of iliac wings or symphysisCorrect flexed knees or pelvic tiltDocument and learn from repeat images
