Lesson 1Tourniquet application and release timing to minimise hemoconcentration and lipids interferenceThis section explains correct tourniquet placement, tension, and maximum application time, as well as timing of release relative to needle insertion and tube filling to minimise hemoconcentration and interference with lipid and protein tests in local settings.
Correct tourniquet placement and tensionMaximum safe tourniquet application timeEffect of prolonged stasis on analytesTiming tourniquet release during drawAvoiding fist pumping and excessive grippingAlternatives when tourniquet use is limitedLesson 2Managing difficult draws: vein stabilisation, repositioning, using butterfly sets, and when to stop after failed attemptsThis section addresses strategies for difficult venous access, including improved vein visualisation, stabilisation, needle repositioning, use of butterfly sets, escalation criteria, and ethical limits on repeated attempts and when to stop in Namibia.
Assessing causes of difficult venous accessEnhancing vein visibility and palpationStabilising rolling or fragile veinsSafe needle redirection and when to stopUsing butterfly sets and smaller gaugesEscalation to senior staff or alternative accessLesson 3Order of draw for evacuated tubes, additives, and rationale to avoid cross-contaminationThis section reviews the standard order of draw for evacuated tubes, the role of additives, and the rationale for sequence to prevent additive carryover, explaining consequences of errors and how to apply the order in complex panels for Namibian labs.
Standard order of draw for adult venipunctureFunctions of common tube additivesHow additive carryover can alter resultsApplying order of draw with multiple testsOrder of draw when using butterfly setsRecognising and correcting order errorsLesson 4Steps of a standard venipuncture: greeting, positioning, palpation, anchoring, needle insertion angle, blood flow management, tube filling and inversionThis section presents a stepwise venipuncture workflow, from greeting and identification through positioning, vein palpation, anchoring, needle insertion angle, tube filling order, inversion, and safe needle removal with sharps disposal in practice.
Patient identification and procedure explanationPositioning arm and ensuring patient comfortPalpating and marking the selected veinSkin tension and vein anchoring techniquesNeedle insertion angle and depth controlTube filling sequence and gentle inversionLesson 5Skin antisepsis for venipuncture: agents, contact time, and special considerations (chlorhexidine vs alcohol; when to wait for drying)This section explains evidence-based skin antisepsis for venipuncture, comparing alcohol and chlorhexidine, defining correct contact times, drying requirements, and adaptations for sensitive skin, paediatrics, and high-risk patients in Namibia.
Indications for skin antisepsis before venipunctureComparing alcohol and chlorhexidine preparationsRequired contact time for common antiseptic agentsWhy drying time matters for efficacy and comfortSpecial cases: paediatrics, elderly, fragile skinAvoiding contamination after skin preparationLesson 6Post-draw care: hemostasis technique, dressing selection, observation for hematoma, and instructions to patientThis section covers immediate post-draw care, including needle removal, hemostasis without excessive pressure, dressing selection, monitoring for hematoma or bleeding, patient instructions, and documentation of adverse events in local contexts.
Safe needle withdrawal and site protectionManual pressure and hemostasis durationChoosing and applying dressings or bandagesRecognising and managing hematoma earlyPatient advice after venipuncture procedureDocumenting complications and follow-upLesson 7Labelling, sample handling, transport conditions and turnaround time considerations to preserve sample integrityThis section covers correct tube labelling at bedside, handling to avoid agitation and temperature stress, transport methods, and turnaround time expectations to maintain analyte stability and prevent preanalytical sample errors in Namibia.
Essential identifiers for tube labellingBedside labelling versus central labelling risksTemperature control during sample transportTime limits for common laboratory testsUse of pneumatic tubes and transport carriersDocumenting chain of custody when requiredLesson 8Techniques to prevent hemolysis: gentle tube filling, correct needle gauge, avoiding prolonged tourniquet, and correct mixingThis section details mechanisms of hemolysis and practical strategies to prevent it, including appropriate needle gauge, gentle tube filling, limited tourniquet time, correct tube mixing, and handling to avoid temperature and mechanical stress.
How in vitro hemolysis occurs in samplesSelecting appropriate needle gauge by veinGentle tube filling and avoiding forceTourniquet time limits to reduce hemolysisCorrect inversion technique for additive tubesRecognising and documenting hemolysed samplesLesson 9Equipment types and selection: evacuated tube system, butterfly sets, syringes, needle gauges and tube adaptersThis section describes components of venipuncture equipment, including evacuated tube systems, butterfly sets, syringes, needle gauges, and adapters, and guides selection based on vein size, test needs, and infection control in Namibian facilities.
Parts of the evacuated tube collection systemIndications for butterfly needle setsWhen syringe draws are appropriateChoosing needle gauge for vein and testSelecting tube adapters and holdersSingle-use devices and safety featuresLesson 10Anatomy and vein selection for adults: median cubital, cephalic, basilic veins and factors affecting choiceThis section reviews upper limb venous anatomy, focusing on median cubital, cephalic, and basilic veins, and explains how accessibility, patient comfort, risk structures, and clinical context guide safe vein selection in adult patients in Namibia.
Surface anatomy of antecubital fossa veinsCharacteristics of median cubital veinWhen to choose cephalic vein safelyRisks and cautions with basilic veinFactors influencing vein choice in adultsSites to avoid for venipuncture in adults
