Lesson 1Pharmacokinetics, formulations, dosing schedules, and routes of administrationThis part explains absorption, distribution, metabolism, and removal of GLP-1 RAs, dual incretins, SGLT2 inhibitors, and fixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 products, connecting how the body handles them to dosing times, adjustments, and ways to give them.
Onset, peak, and duration of GLP-1 receptor agonistsOral versus injectable incretin formulationsRenal handling and half-life of SGLT2 inhibitorsFixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 titration strategiesAdjusting doses in organ dysfunction and frailtyLesson 2Common therapeutic effects: glycemic control, weight change, blood pressure and cardiorenal effectsThis part reviews expected effects of newer medicines on HbA1c, fasting and after-meal glucose, body weight, blood pressure, and heart-kidney results. It points out differences between classes, how effects grow with dose, and real goals for decisions made together.
HbA1c and time-in-range improvements by classWeight loss profiles of GLP-1 and dual incretinsBlood pressure and volume effects of SGLT2 inhibitorsCardiovascular outcome benefits and neutral findingsRenal protection and albuminuria reduction patternsLesson 3Contraindications, cautions and special populations: renal impairment thresholds, hepatic impairment, personal/family medullary thyroid carcinoma/MEN2, pregnancy and lactationThis part covers reasons not to use and cautions for newer medicines, including kidney and liver problem levels, thyroid C-cell disease, MEN2, pregnancy, breastfeeding, weakness, and older patients, stressing weighing risks against benefits.
eGFR thresholds for SGLT2 and incretin therapiesHepatic impairment and dose adjustment needsMedullary thyroid carcinoma and MEN2 precautionsUse in pregnancy, lactation, and preconceptionElderly, frail, and multimorbid patient considerationsLesson 4Mechanisms of action: GLP-1 receptor agonists, dual/triple incretin agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, fixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 combosThis part explains how GLP-1 receptor agonists, dual and triple incretin agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, and fixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 mixes work, linking their actions at cell level to benefits, risks, and smart medicine choices.
GLP-1 receptor signaling and beta-cell effectsDual and triple incretin agonists: rationale and dataRenal glucose transport and SGLT2 inhibitionSynergy in fixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 productsMechanistic basis for cardiorenal protectionLesson 5Reading and applying guideline statements: how to extract recommendations from ADA, EASD, ESC, KDIGO, and national guidelines for therapy choice and sequencingThis part shows how to read ADA, EASD, ESC, KDIGO, and local guidelines. Focus is on pulling out ranked advice, sorting differences, and turning plans into personal therapy choices and steps.
Structure of ADA, EASD, ESC, KDIGO documentsStrength of recommendation and evidence gradingPrioritizing cardiorenal risk in treatment algorithmsReconciling conflicting guidance across societiesAdapting global guidance to national formulariesLesson 6Drug interactions with commonly used medications in diabetes, CV disease, and lipid-lowering therapyThis part looks at how newer glucose-lowering drugs interact with common medicines for high blood pressure, heart failure, high cholesterol, and blood clot prevention, focusing on safety and effect in many-medicine situations.
Interactions with ACE inhibitors and ARBsLoop and thiazide diuretics with SGLT2 inhibitorsStatins, fibrates, and newer glucose-lowering drugsAntiplatelet and anticoagulant co-therapy issuesManaging complex polypharmacy in older adultsLesson 7Interpreting clinical trial endpoints: HbA1c reduction, body weight, MACE, heart-failure hospitalization, renal composite outcomesThis part teaches reading study results, including HbA1c drop, weight loss, major heart events, heart failure hospital stays, kidney combined results, and safety, stressing real risk, treatment numbers needed, and patient-focused meaning.
Glycemic endpoints: HbA1c, TIR, and durabilityWeight and metabolic syndrome outcomesMACE and expanded cardiovascular endpointsHeart-failure hospitalization and diuretic sparingRenal composite endpoints and slope analysesLesson 8Major adverse effects and safety signals: GI effects, pancreatitis concerns, euglycemic DKA, genital infections, hypoglycemia risk with combosThis part reviews main side effects of newer medicines, including stomach upset, worries about pancreatitis, normal-blood-sugar DKA, private part and urine infections, fluid loss, and low sugar when mixed with insulin or sulphonylureas.
Gastrointestinal effects and mitigation strategiesPancreatitis and gallbladder disease signalsEuglycemic DKA: recognition and preventionGenital and urinary infections with SGLT2 drugsHypoglycemia risk in combination regimens
