Lesson 1Stone pathophysiology and types: calcium, uric acid, struvite, cystine — formation mechanisms and metabolic risk factorsStone types and making: calcium, uric acid, infection struvite, cystine; crystal start, over-saturation, germ links, body/anatomy risks.
Calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate stonesUric acid stone formation mechanismsStruvite stones and urease‑producing bacteriaCystine stones and inherited disordersMetabolic, urinary, and anatomic risk factorsLesson 2Typical clinical presentation: colic characteristics, hematuria, nausea/vomiting, pain radiation to groin/scrotum/labiaClassic kidney stone pain features, blood in urine, sickness, pain spread to groin/private parts, warning signs for other serious issues.
Pain onset, severity, and colicky patternRadiation to flank, groin, and genitaliaHematuria and lower urinary symptomsNausea, vomiting, and autonomic signsRed flags for alternative diagnosesLesson 3Physical exam maneuvers: costovertebral angle tenderness, abdominal exam, testicular/inguinal exam when indicatedTargeted checks for sudden side pain: vitals, belly and kidney angle press, genital/groin if needed, signs of other causes.
Vital signs and overall illness severityCostovertebral angle tenderness techniqueAbdominal exam for peritonitis or massGenital and inguinal exam when neededSigns pointing away from stone diseaseLesson 4Relevant renal and urinary tract anatomy: kidney, collecting system, ureteral course, relations causing referred painRenal and ureter setup for stones: kidney cups, centre, ureter pinch points, blood vessel/pelvic links, and pain referral to side, groin, private areas.
Renal cortex, medulla, and collecting systemRenal pelvis and calyceal anatomyUreteral course and narrow segmentsRelations to vessels, bowel, and pelvisPathways of referred flank and groin painLesson 5Stone prevention basics: metabolic workup indications, 24-hour urine testing, dietary and pharmacologic prevention strategiesBasics to stop stones: when for body checks, 24-hour urine tests, food advice, drink goals, drugs matched to stone type and personal risks.
Who needs full metabolic workupCollecting and interpreting 24‑hour urineFluid intake and urine volume targetsDietary sodium, protein, and oxalate advicePharmacologic prevention by stone typeLesson 6Acute management: analgesia ladder (NSAIDs vs opioids), antiemetics, medical expulsive therapy evidence and limitsSudden kidney pain care: NSAID pain relief first, careful opioids, anti-sickness drugs, fluids, stone-pushing drug proof and bounds, watch vs admit rules.
Analgesia ladder and NSAID first strategyOpioid indications and safety concernsAntiemetics and fluid managementMedical expulsive therapy evidenceDisposition, follow‑up, and return precautionsLesson 7Evidence sources: major guidelines and reviews for suspected kidney stones (names and years to search)Main guidelines and reviews for kidney stones, key groups, years, quick search and review tips for test and treatment choices.
Major urology and nephrology guidelinesEmergency medicine stone care guidelinesHigh‑impact systematic reviews and yearsSearching PubMed and guideline portalsAppraising guideline strength and gapsLesson 8History elements: onset, prior stones, metabolic history, family history, medication/occupation risk factorsKey history for kidney stone suspicion: pain start, past stones, body conditions, family, diet, drugs, job risks for issues or repeats.
Character and timing of pain episodesPast stones, procedures, and outcomesMetabolic and systemic disease historyFamily history and genetic conditionsDiet, fluid intake, drugs, occupationLesson 9Initial diagnostics: urinalysis for hematuria/infection, urine microscopy, serum electrolytes, renal function, inflammatory markersStarting labs for stone suspicion: urine for blood/germs, microscope view, blood salts, kidney work, swelling markers with reads for diagnosis/risks.
Urinalysis for hematuria and infectionUrine microscopy for crystals and castsSerum creatinine and estimated GFRElectrolytes, calcium, and uric acidInflammatory markers and sepsis cluesLesson 10Indications for emergent urology referral: obstruction with infection, refractory pain, impaired renal function, anuriaUrgent urologist needs: blocked infected systems, unstoppable pain/vomiting, single kidney failure, no urine, plus pregnancy/kids notes.
Obstruction with sepsis or high feverRefractory pain or intractable vomitingAcute kidney injury and solitary kidneyAnuria, bilateral obstruction, pregnancyPediatric and complex comorbidity casesLesson 11Imaging strategy: when to use non-contrast CT KUB, ultrasound in pregnancy, plain radiography limitations, contrast indicationsScan plans for stones: no-contrast CT main, pregnancy/kids ultrasound, x-ray limits, contrast for issues.
Non‑contrast CT KUB indicationsUltrasound in pregnancy and youthStrengths and limits of plain radiographyWhen to use contrast CT or urographyRadiation exposure and dose reduction
