Lesson 1Naphthenes (cycloalkanes): structures (cyclohexane, methylcyclopentane), occurrence in naphtha/kerosene, uses and effects on fuel propertiesE go cover cycloalkane structures and shapes, focus on cyclohexane and methylcyclopentane. E go check dem for naphtha and kerosene, refinery make ways, and effect on density, octane, and smoke point.
Cycloalkane structures and conformationsCyclohexane and methylcyclopentane examplesOccurrence in naphtha and kerosene cutsRefinery processes forming naphthenesEffects on octane, density and smoke pointLesson 2Olefins (alkenes): sources (cracking units), examples (ethylene, propylene, butenes), reactivity, impact on stability and polymer feedstock useE go check olefin structures, sources from cracking units, and examples like ethylene, propylene and butenes. E go talk high reactivity, gum and deposit make, and dem value as polymer and petrochemical feeds.
Structural features of olefins and isomersSteam and fluid catalytic cracking sourcesEthylene, propylene and butenes examplesReactivity, oxidation and gum formationPolymer and petrochemical feedstock rolesLesson 3Isoparaffins (branched alkanes): structural features, examples (iso-octane), origin in fractions and catalytic reforming, importance for gasoline octaneE go focus on isoparaffins, dem branched structures and examples like iso-octane. E go explain make for isomerization and reforming units, and why dem central for high-octane, low-knock gasoline mix.
Structural features of branched alkanesIso-octane as an octane reference fuelIsomerization and reforming formation pathsVolatility and combustion of isoparaffinsUse in premium and reformulated gasolinesLesson 4Paraffins (n-alkanes): general formula, representative molecules (n-pentane, n-octane), refinery sources and major usesE go show normal paraffins, dem general formula, and family series. E go check key molecules like n-pentane and n-octane, dem boiling ranges, refinery sources, and roles for gasoline, kerosene, diesel and wax.
General formula and homologous series conceptPhysical trends across n-alkane seriesRepresentative n-pentane and n-octane usesRefinery units producing normal paraffinsRoles in gasoline, diesel and wax productsLesson 5Cetane number fundamentals: molecular features that raise or lower cetane and relevance to diesel ignition qualityE go check cetane number as diesel ignition measure, link molecular structure to ignition delay. E go talk normal paraffins, branching, rings, aromatics, and additives, plus test ways and usual spec ranges.
Definition and significance of cetane numberNormal paraffins and high cetane behaviorBranching, rings, aromatics and low cetaneCetane improver additives and treat ratesEngine and CFR test methods for cetaneLesson 6Analytical methods for molecular-class determination: GC, simulated distillation (SIMDIS), PIONA analysis (Paraffins, Isoparaffins, Olefins, Naphthenes, Aromatics)E go describe test ways for find hydrocarbon classes for fuels. E go compare GC, simulated distillation, and PIONA analysis, show principles, outputs, resolution limits, and how results dey guide mixing choices.
Gas chromatography principles and columnsSimulated distillation for boiling profilesPIONA methodology and class separationData interpretation for refinery blendingLimitations, calibration and quality controlLesson 7Other property correlations: flash point, viscosity, hydrogen content, and how molecular structure controls theseE go link molecular structure to flash point, viscosity, hydrogen content and related safety and work properties. E go show how chain length, branching, and aromaticity dey shape handling, combustion quality and emissions.
Flash point trends with volatility and cutsViscosity versus chain length and shapeHydrogen to carbon ratio and emissionsLubricity, wear and molecular structureSpecification limits and property tradeoffsLesson 8Functional relationships: how chain length affects volatility, boiling point, and vapor pressureE go explain how hydrocarbon chain length dey control volatility, boiling point, and vapor pressure. E go link forces between molecules and surface area to phase behavior, distillation curves, cold flow, and evaporation loss for fuels.
Intermolecular forces in hydrocarbon chainsBoiling point trends with carbon numberVapor pressure and volatility relationshipsImpact on distillation curves and cut pointsCold flow, evaporation loss and safetyLesson 9Aromatics: benzene, toluene, xylenes — structure, formation routes, distribution in crude fractions, role as petrochemical feedstocks and octane contributorsE go detail aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene, toluene and xylenes, dem structures and make ways. E go check spread across crude fractions, roles as octane boosters, and importance as petrochemical feeds.
Benzene, toluene and xylene ring structuresFormation in reforming and pyrolysis unitsDistribution in naphtha and heavier cutsOctane contribution in gasoline blendingPetrochemical and solvent applicationsLesson 10Branching vs straight chain: influence on octane number and volatility; use of Research Octane Number (RON) and Motor Octane Number (MON) conceptsE go analyze how branching pass straight chains dey affect octane number, volatility, and knock resist. E go explain RON and MON meanings, test conditions, sensitivity, and how fuel design balance drive and efficiency.
Straight chains and low octane behaviorBranching patterns and octane enhancementVolatility changes with branching degreeDefinitions of RON, MON and sensitivityFuel design using RON and MON targetsLesson 11Rings and aromaticity: influence on density, energy content, soot tendency, and octane; effects on cetane number for dieselE go check ring systems and aromaticity, relate dem to density, energy content, octane and soot make. E go compare aromatics and naphthenes, and explain dem different effects on gasoline octane and diesel cetane.
Aromaticity criteria and ring stabilizationDensity and volumetric energy relationshipsOctane enhancement by aromatics in gasolineSoot and particulate formation tendenciesEffects on diesel cetane and ignition delay
