Lesson 1Clinical correlates: jugular venous distention, pulmonary crackles, orthopnea, peripheral edema — physiological explanationsDis link classic heart failure signs to wey dey happen inside body, helping nurses understand neck vein swelling, lung crackles, hard breathing when lying down, and leg swelling, and know right-side from left-side problem.
Jugular venous distention and right-sided loadPulmonary crackles and alveolar fluidOrthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspneaPeripheral edema and venous hydrostatic pressureRight versus left heart failure manifestationsLesson 2Laboratory and imaging markers: BNP/NT-proBNP, electrolytes, chest X-ray, echocardiography findings and interpretationDis talk about key lab and scan tests for heart failure, like natriuretic peptides, salts in blood, chest X-ray, and heart echo. Dem stress how to read dem, watch changes, and wey e mean for nurse care planning.
BNP and NT-proBNP: interpretation and limitsElectrolyte disturbances and diuretic therapyChest X-ray signs of pulmonary congestionEchocardiographic assessment of ejection fractionValvular and structural findings on echoLesson 3Nonpharmacologic and device interventions: oxygen therapy, fluid/salt restriction, CPAP/BiPAP, ultrafiltration, and implantable devices impact on physiologyDis review non-drug and machine treatments like oxygen, less fluid and salt, CPAP/BiPAP, blood filtering, and implant devices, focusing on how dem affect body and wey nurses must do.
Oxygen therapy goals and titrationFluid and sodium restriction strategiesCPAP and BiPAP in pulmonary congestionUltrafiltration for refractory volume overloadICDs and CRT devices in heart failure careLesson 4Acute decompensated heart failure mechanisms: systolic vs diastolic dysfunction, pulmonary congestion, and cardiogenic shock progressionDis look deep into how sudden bad heart failure happen, comparing pump weakness and stiff heart, lung water build-up, and how e go to shock. Dem show early signs and quick nurse actions.
Systolic dysfunction and reduced ejection fractionDiastolic dysfunction and impaired relaxationPathophysiology of acute pulmonary edemaCardiogenic shock: stages and hemodynamicsInitial stabilization and escalation criteriaLesson 5Hemodynamics and vital sign changes in heart failure: interpreting BP, HR, SpO2, and central venous pressureDis explain how heart failure change blood pressure, heart beat, oxygen level, and neck vein pressure. Dem guide nurses to watch patterns, spot early bad turn, and match vital signs to patient condition.
Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressureHeart rate patterns and compensatory tachycardiaSpO2 trends and implications for oxygen deliveryCentral venous pressure and volume statusIntegrating vital signs with clinical assessmentLesson 6Complications and acute triggers: ischemia, arrhythmia, infection, uncontrolled hypertension, medication nonadherence and their pathophysiologic impactDis point out common things wey make heart failure worse quick, like blood lack, irregular beat, infection, high blood pressure wey no control, and skipping meds, plus how dem hurt body and how to stop dem.
Myocardial ischemia and infarction effectsArrhythmias and loss of atrial kickInfection, sepsis, and fluid shiftsHypertensive crisis and afterload surgeMedication nonadherence and patient educationLesson 7Cardiac output determinants: preload, afterload, contractility, heart rate, and Frank-Starling mechanismDis review wey control heart pump power and how preload, afterload, squeeze strength, and beat speed mix in heart failure. Dem explain Frank-Starling and how nurses fit help through care.
Defining cardiac output and cardiac indexPreload: venous return and ventricular fillingAfterload: systemic vascular resistance effectsMyocardial contractility and inotropic stateFrank-Starling curve and clinical implicationsLesson 8Pharmacologic management rationale: loop diuretics, ACE inhibitors/ARBs, beta-blockers, vasodilators, inotropes — mechanisms and expected effectsDis explore why certain drugs use for heart failure, focusing how dem work, blood flow change, ease symptoms, and help live longer. Dem stress nurse watch, no-go times, and teach patient safe use.
Loop diuretics: action, dosing, and monitoringACE inhibitors and ARBs: benefits and risksEvidence-based beta-blockers in heart failureVasodilators and afterload reduction strategiesInotropes: indications, titration, and safetyLesson 9Cardiac structure and conduction: chambers, valves, coronary circulation, and electrical conduction basicsDis cover heart rooms, valves, blood supply, and electric system, linking shape to work. Dem show how shape or electric fault lead to heart failure and guide nurse check.
Anatomy of atria and ventricles in circulationValve structure, function, and common lesionsCoronary artery supply and myocardial perfusionSA node, AV node, and His-Purkinje systemConduction abnormalities relevant to heart failureLesson 10Neurohormonal responses in heart failure: RAAS, sympathetic activation, natriuretic peptides, and cytokinesDis explain body hormone fight in heart failure, like RAAS, stress nerves, natriuretic peptides, and body fight chemicals. Dem connect to water hold, heart change, and drug targets.
RAAS activation and fluid retentionSympathetic overactivity and tachycardiaNatriuretic peptides and diagnostic valueCytokines, remodeling, and cachexiaNeurohormonal blockade as therapy goal
