Lesson 1Relevant renal and urinary tract anatomy: kidney, collecting system, ureteral course, relations causing referred painThis part we go review kidney and ureter parts for stone wahala, like cup, middle, ureter tight spots, blood vessel and pelvic link, and how pain go side, groin, private part.
Renal cortex, medulla, and collecting systemRenal pelvis and calyceal anatomyUreteral course and narrow segmentsRelations to vessels, bowel, and pelvisPathways of referred flank and groin painLesson 2History elements: onset, prior stones, metabolic history, family history, medication/occupation risk factorsThis part we go outline key history for suspect stone, like pain start, past stone, body chemical and sickness, family, food, medicine, work, and things wey show wahala or come back.
Character and timing of pain episodesPast stones, procedures, and outcomesMetabolic and systemic disease historyFamily history and genetic conditionsDiet, fluid intake, drugs, occupationLesson 3Physical exam maneuvers: costovertebral angle tenderness, abdominal exam, testicular/inguinal exam when indicatedThis part we go detail sharp body check for sudden side pain, like vital signs, belly and back side touch, private and groin check when need, and signs for other sickness.
Vital signs and overall illness severityCostovertebral angle tenderness techniqueAbdominal exam for peritonitis or massGenital and inguinal exam when neededSigns pointing away from stone diseaseLesson 4Stone prevention basics: metabolic workup indications, 24-hour urine testing, dietary and pharmacologic prevention strategiesThis part we go show stone stop basic, like when to check body chemical, 24-hour urine, food advice, water goal, and medicine fit to stone type and person risk.
Who needs full metabolic workupCollecting and interpreting 24‑hour urineFluid intake and urine volume targetsDietary sodium, protein, and oxalate advicePharmacologic prevention by stone typeLesson 5Acute management: analgesia ladder (NSAIDs vs opioids), antiemetics, medical expulsive therapy evidence and limitsThis part we go cover sudden kidney stone pain manage, like NSAID painkiller, careful opioid, stop vomit, water, push-out medicine proof and limit, and watch or admit rule.
Analgesia ladder and NSAID first strategyOpioid indications and safety concernsAntiemetics and fluid managementMedical expulsive therapy evidenceDisposition, follow‑up, and return precautionsLesson 6Evidence sources: major guidelines and reviews for suspected kidney stones (names and years to search)This part we go summarize key guideline and review for suspect kidney stone, show main groups, year, and quick search and check evidence to guide test and treatment.
Major urology and nephrology guidelinesEmergency medicine stone care guidelinesHigh‑impact systematic reviews and yearsSearching PubMed and guideline portalsAppraising guideline strength and gapsLesson 7Initial diagnostics: urinalysis for hematuria/infection, urine microscopy, serum electrolytes, renal function, inflammatory markersThis part we go detail first lab for suspect stone, like urine for blood/germ, microscope, blood salt, kidney work, swell marker, with read for diagnosis and risk.
Urinalysis for hematuria and infectionUrine microscopy for crystals and castsSerum creatinine and estimated GFRElectrolytes, calcium, and uric acidInflammatory markers and sepsis cluesLesson 8Indications for emergent urology referral: obstruction with infection, refractory pain, impaired renal function, anuriaThis part we go define when quick call urologist, like block with germ, pain no stop, kidney fail, no urine, and special for pregnancy and pickin.
Obstruction with sepsis or high feverRefractory pain or intractable vomitingAcute kidney injury and solitary kidneyAnuria, bilateral obstruction, pregnancyPediatric and complex comorbidity casesLesson 9Imaging strategy: when to use non-contrast CT KUB, ultrasound in pregnancy, plain radiography limitations, contrast indicationsThis part we go describe scan pick for suspect stone, focus no-dye CT belly, ultrasound for pregnancy and young, xray limit, and when dye need for wahala.
Non‑contrast CT KUB indicationsUltrasound in pregnancy and youthStrengths and limits of plain radiographyWhen to use contrast CT or urographyRadiation exposure and dose reductionLesson 10Stone pathophysiology and types: calcium, uric acid, struvite, cystine — formation mechanisms and metabolic risk factorsThis part we go review stone make and type, calcium, uric acid, struvite, cystine, crystal start, urine too strong, germ link, body chemical and body risk.
Calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate stonesUric acid stone formation mechanismsStruvite stones and urease‑producing bacteriaCystine stones and inherited disordersMetabolic, urinary, and anatomic risk factorsLesson 11Typical clinical presentation: colic characteristics, hematuria, nausea/vomiting, pain radiation to groin/scrotum/labiaThis part we go explain classic and not so stone pain, pain kind, time, spread, urine and belly symptom, and danger sign for other or life danger sickness.
Pain onset, severity, and colicky patternRadiation to flank, groin, and genitaliaHematuria and lower urinary symptomsNausea, vomiting, and autonomic signsRed flags for alternative diagnoses
