Lesson 1Indications for revascularization: endovascular vs open surgery, patient selection, peri-procedural planning, and outcomesE show when to think bout revascularization for leg pain when walking and when limb in real danger. E compare endovascular and open surgery, who fit for which, planning before procedure, and real expectations for how long e go last and leg function.
Indications in claudication versus CLIEndovascular techniques and devicesOpen surgical bypass principlesAnatomic and clinical selection factorsOutcome expectations and complication risksLesson 2Medical management: antiplatelet therapy, statins, antihypertensives, glycemic control — drug classes, example agents, targets, and evidence basisE check antiplatelet meds, statins, blood pressure drugs, and sugar control meds for PAD. E show targets, big studies, picking drugs when patient get other sickness, and ways to make dem stick to meds and cut side effects.
Antiplatelet options and dosing in PADLipid lowering intensity and statin choiceBlood pressure targets and drug classesGlycemic control strategies in PADPolypharmacy, adherence, and monitoringLesson 3Ankle-brachial index (ABI): technique, interpretation, and limitations (including falsely elevated ABI)E give step-by-step how to measure ABI, prepare patient, and set up gear. E explain cutoff points, problems like hard arteries, and other tests when ABI no clear.
Patient positioning and cuff selectionDoppler probe placement and readingsABI calculation and cutoff valuesRecognizing falsely elevated ABIWhen to use TBI or other adjunct testsLesson 4Duplex ultrasonography for PAD: waveform analysis, peak systolic velocity ratios, and segmental localizationE explain duplex ultrasound basics for PAD, how to scan, and check sections. E stress wave shapes, speed ratios, and how to grade blockages and find big problems.
Probe selection and patient positioningArterial mapping and segmental approachWaveform patterns in health and diseasePeak systolic velocity ratio criteriaReporting and documentation standardsLesson 5Advanced vascular imaging: CTA and contrast-enhanced MRA indications, protocols, and common artifactsE cover when to use CTA and MRA with dye, when no, and how to do am right. E check images, rebuild dem, and spot fake problems dat look like artery disease.
Patient selection for CTA versus MRAContrast use, dosing, and safety issuesAcquisition parameters and reconstructionRecognition of motion and metal artifactsStrategies to reduce artifacts and misreadsLesson 6Pathophysiology of atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease (PAD) and risk factorsE look at how plaque build in leg arteries, how e grow, and wetin e do to blood flow. E stress body risks, how dem mix, and how e cause leg lack blood and heart wahala.
Atherogenesis in peripheral arterial bedsEndothelial dysfunction and inflammationHemodynamic impact of stenosis and occlusionTraditional and emerging PAD risk factorsRisk factor clustering and global CV riskLesson 7Noninvasive functional tests: treadmill testing, toe-brachial index, and transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO2)E detail how to do treadmill test, toe-brachial index, and TcPO2. E focus on standard way, safety, cutoffs, and how dese tests help diagnose, predict, and pick treatment for PAD.
Treadmill protocols and safety measuresTreadmill test interpretation in PADToe-brachial index technique and cutoffsTcPO2 measurement setup and calibrationFunctional tests in treatment decision-makingLesson 8Follow-up strategies for PAD patients: frequency, surveillance tests, wound care referral triggers, and secondary prevention metricsE outline check-up times after PAD diagnosis or fix. E review tests to watch, wound check, when to send to wound specialist, and track prevention to save limbs and heart.
Post-intervention surveillance schedulesUse of ABI and duplex in follow-upFoot exams and wound referral criteriaMonitoring risk factor control metricsPatient education and self-care plansLesson 9Exercise therapy and supervised walking programs: prescription, expected benefits, and monitoringE describe supervised walking, home exercise, and how to write am. E talk how e help, time to see good, when no do am, and tools to check if patient dey follow and improve.
Exercise prescription components in PADSupervised versus home-based programsMechanisms of improved walking distanceMonitoring symptoms and functional gainsContraindications and safety precautionsLesson 10Clinical presentation and differential diagnoses of intermittent claudication and critical limb ischemiaE clear up signs of leg pain when walking and bad limb lack blood. E separate PAD from nerve, bone, or vein leg pain, to guide check and quick send for big care.
Typical intermittent claudication featuresSigns of critical limb ischemiaNeurogenic versus vascular claudicationMusculoskeletal and venous mimickersKey history and exam for differentiationLesson 11Acute limb ischemia recognition and first 24–48 hour management: anticoagulation, vascular surgery consult, thrombolysis and embolectomy basicsE handle quick spot of sudden limb lack blood, bed check, and risk level. E outline quick blood thinner, image choice, and work with surgeon for dissolve clot, remove clot, or quick fix.
Clinical classification of acute limb ischemiaBedside vascular exam and Doppler useInitial anticoagulation and monitoringIndications for urgent vascular consultBasics of thrombolysis and embolectomy
