Lesson 1Earthing/grounding systems: design, testing (soil resistivity, fall-of-potential), touch/step potentials, and equipotential bondingE look into grounding system design, include grids, rods, and bonding. E cover soil resistivity tests, fall-of-potential, touch and step potentials, and oversee periodic testing and fix-up actions.
Grounding grid components and layoutSoil resistivity surveys and data useFall-of-potential and clamp-on testingTouch and step potential risk controlEquipotential bonding and continuity checksLesson 2Dry-type distribution transformers: construction, ventilation, loss mechanisms, and deratingE look into dry-type transformer build, insulation systems, and cooling paths. E tackle loss ways, temperature rise, derating for height and harmonics, and check points for dust, hot spots, and loose connections.
Core, windings, and insulation arrangementsVentilation paths, ducts, and enclosure typesNo-load and load losses, hotspots, and agingThermal classes, temperature rise, and sensorsDerating for altitude, harmonics, and enclosureLesson 3Station auxiliary systems: DC charging systems, battery types and maintenance, battery chargers, AC/DC distributionE describe DC systems for substations, include battery banks, chargers, and DC distribution. E cover battery kinds, check-up, capacity testing, charger settings, backup, and oversee records and maintenance plans.
DC system roles in control and protectionBattery chemistries, sizing, and layoutBattery inspection, testing, and replacementCharger modes, settings, and alarmsDC panel distribution, fuses, and labelingLesson 4Cooling, ventilation, and HVAC for transformer rooms and control roomsE explain HVAC and ventilation needs for transformer and control rooms, include heat load, airflow, and filter. E tackle backup, monitoring, alarms, and oversee cleaning, filter change, and performance checks.
Heat load estimation and equipment lossesVentilation paths and airflow managementHVAC system types and redundancy optionsTemperature, humidity, and alarm settingsFilter maintenance and condenser cleaningLesson 5Protection relays: overcurrent, differential, gas (Buchholz), transformer protection schemes, and relay logicE bring in relay types use in transformer substations, include overcurrent, differential, and Buchholz protection. E cover logic diagrams, settings check, trip line-up, and oversee testing, records, and change control.
Overcurrent and earth fault relay functionsDifferential protection principles and settingsGas (Buchholz) relay operation and alarmsTransformer protection scheme architecturesRelay logic, interlocks, and trip testingLesson 6Electrical single-line diagrams, bus configurations, and substation layoutsE cover how to read single-line diagrams, bus plans, and substation layouts. E focus on understand power flow, isolation points, and equipment spots to back safe switching and maintenance planning.
Single-line symbols and notationsBus configurations and operating modesFeeder, transformer, and tie arrangementsPhysical layout of yards and roomsUsing drawings for switching and taggingLesson 7Circuit breaker types for 13.8 kV and 0.48 kV (vacuum, SF6, air), operating mechanisms, trip coils, and auxiliary contactsE review medium- and low-voltage breaker types, include vacuum, SF6, and air. E explain operating parts, trip coils, auxiliary contacts, and oversee inspections, timing tests, oiling, and interlock checks.
Vacuum, SF6, and air breaker applicationsInterrupting ratings, duty cycles, and limitsSpring, magnetic, and motor mechanismsTrip coils, close coils, and supervision relaysAuxiliary contacts, wiring, and interlocksLesson 8Power transformer design, ratings, cooling (ONAN/ONAF), OLTC construction and operationE detail power transformer ratings, impedance, and vector groups, focus on ONAN and ONAF cooling. E explain OLTC parts, tap selector and diverter, control logic, and oversee inspection, oil checks, and tap tests.
Nameplate data, MVA, voltage, and impedanceCooling modes ONAN, ONAF, and monitoring needsTemperature indicators, alarms, and tripsOLTC mechanical parts and oil compartmentsTap change control, sequencing, and testingLesson 9Instrumentation and metering: CTs/VTs, accuracy classes, wiring, and metering checksE cover CT and VT jobs, accuracy classes, and burden limits, stress on right polarity, wiring ways, and isolation. Include metering checks, ratio and phase check, and oversee testing and papers.
CT and VT roles in measurement and protectionAccuracy classes, burden, and saturation limitsPolarity, phase orientation, and marking checksWiring diagrams, terminal blocks, and shieldingMetering test plans, ratios, and error evaluationLesson 10Oil handling systems: filtration, storage, filling, and safety measures for oil-immersed transformersE describe oil handling for power transformers, include storage, filtration, and filling. E tackle dirt risks, safety steps, spill control, and oversee contractors, test reports, and ways.
Oil properties, tests, and acceptance limitsStorage tanks, drums, and labeling rulesFiltration, dehydration, and degassing stepsFilling, topping up, and sampling methodsSpill response, fire safety, and PPE useLesson 11Human-machine interfaces and SCADA basics relevant to substation monitoring and alarmsE bring in HMI and SCADA jobs for substation monitoring, control, and alarms. E cover basic setups, communication links, usual screens, alarm handling, event logs, and oversee access and setup changes.
SCADA architecture and data flow overviewHMI screen types, mimic diagrams, and trendsAlarm priorities, filtering, and responseEvent logs, SOE, and disturbance recordsUser roles, passwords, and change trackingLesson 12Standards, codes, and regulatory compliance relevant to substations (IEC, IEEE, local regulations)E sum up key IEC, IEEE, and local standards wey affect substation design, equipment, and maintenance. E stress supervisor duties in follow rules, papers, checks, and handle updates to codes and regs.
IEC and IEEE standards for transformersBreaker, relay, and DC system standardsGrounding, insulation, and safety standardsLocal electrical codes and permitting needsCompliance audits, records, and updates
