Lesson 1Integration of reversible causes (Hs and Ts) into resuscitation and targeted diagnosticsThis section stresses spotting and treating fixable causes of arrest with the Hs and Ts approach, combining on-site tests, focused treatments, and ongoing checks to fix root issues and better resuscitation results.
Systematic review of Hs and Ts causesBedside clues to hypoxia and hypovolemiaRecognizing acidosis, hypo/hyperkalemiaIdentifying tension pneumothorax and tamponadeSuspecting toxins, thrombosis, and traumaUsing ultrasound and labs to guide treatmentLesson 2Defibrillation protocols: PAD, immediate analysis, shock intervals, energy settingsThis section covers safe, effective defibrillation, including public access defibrillators, quick rhythm checks, shockable vs non-shockable choices, energy levels for different devices, shock timing, and reducing pauses before and after shocks.
Indications for defibrillation in cardiac arrestPAD setup, pad placement, and safety checksImmediate rhythm analysis and shock decisionsEnergy settings for biphasic and monophasicCoordinating shocks with ongoing compressionsPost-shock rhythm reassessment and actionsLesson 3Vascular access and medication delivery: IV/IO placement, drug selection, dosing, timing for epinephrine, amiodarone/lidocaineThis section explains setting up IV or intraosseous access in arrest, picking good sites and tools, choosing and dosing drugs, timing epinephrine and antiarrhythmics, and ensuring safe, precise delivery and records.
Choosing IV versus IO access during arrestIV and IO insertion sites and techniquesEpinephrine dosing and timing by rhythmAmiodarone and lidocaine indicationsFlushing, infusion, and line patency checksMedication tracking and double-check systemsLesson 4Immediate scene management and 60-second primary actions (scene safety, call for help, BLS chain activation)This section details the first 60 seconds on scene, prioritising responder safety, fast cardiac arrest detection, starting basic life support, early ambulance call, and prompt actions to avoid delays in CPR and defibrillation.
Scene safety and personal protective equipmentRapid assessment of responsiveness and breathingActivating EMS and BLS response systemsPositioning patient and preparing for CPRCoordinating bystanders during first minuteLesson 5High-performance BLS: compression rate, depth, hand placement, minimizing interruptionsThis section targets high-quality basic life support, covering right compression speed, depth, chest recoil, hand position, cutting pauses, adding breaths, swapping compressors, and using devices to improve blood flow in arrest.
Optimal compression rate and depth targetsCorrect hand placement and body mechanicsEnsuring full chest recoil and avoiding leaningMinimizing pauses and managing rhythm checksCoordinating compressions with ventilationsUsing CPR feedback devices and metronomesLesson 6Cardiac rhythm recognition and algorithm application: VF/VT, PEA, asystole decision pathwaysThis section teaches recognising main arrest rhythms like VF, pulseless VT, PEA, and asystole, and using ACLS steps, blending rhythm checks, shock choices, drug timing, and constant review in a clear plan.
ECG features of VF and pulseless VTIdentifying PEA and true asystoleShockable versus nonshockable pathwaysTiming rhythm checks with compressionsIntegrating drugs into rhythm algorithmsCommon rhythm interpretation pitfallsLesson 7Advanced airway management in ALS: indications, sequence (OPA/NPA, SAD, endotracheal intubation), confirmation and continuous waveform capnographyThis section handles advanced airway options in advanced life support, covering when to use, steps with OPA, NPA, supraglottic aids, intubation methods, confirmation via waveform capnography, and fixing airway issues.
Selecting basic versus advanced airway devicesOPA and NPA sizing, insertion, and pitfallsSupraglottic airway placement and fixationEndotracheal intubation steps and safetyWaveform capnography for tube confirmationManaging airway obstruction and dislodgementLesson 8Termination of resuscitation: criteria, documentation, family communication, and safe handover to emergency departmentThis section clarifies when and how to end resuscitation, using medical and legal standards, proper records, kind family talks, and smooth handover to hospital emergency teams.
Field and in-hospital termination criteriaAssessing futility and likelihood of survivalRequired medical and legal documentationCommunicating death and prognosis to familiesCoordinating handover with emergency departmentLesson 9Team roles, closed-loop communication, leadership during resuscitation, task allocation and timingThis section builds strong resuscitation teams, stressing clear roles, closed-loop talk, leadership traits, task order, timing key actions, and reviews to enhance performance and patient results.
Assigning clear roles before and during arrestPrinciples of closed-loop communicationLeadership behaviors under high stressCoordinating tasks and intervention timingManaging conflicts and cognitive overloadStructured post-event debriefing methods
