Lesson 1White-matter pathways: arcuate fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus — roles inna repetition an' integrationDis section analyze major white-matter tracts, including arcuate, uncinate, an' superior longitudinal fasciculi, describing dem anatomy, connectivity, an' roles inna repetition, lexical–semantic integration, an' dorsal–ventral language streams.
Arcuate fasciculus and repetition circuitrySuperior longitudinal fasciculus and dorsal streamUncinate fasciculus and semantic integrationInferior fronto-occipital fasciculus in readingDisconnection syndromes and conduction aphasiaLesson 2Auditory processing pathway fi speech perception: from cochlea to brainstem nuclei to primary auditory cortex an' higher-order processingDis section trace di auditory pathway fi speech, from cochlea through brainstem nuclei an' thalamus to primary an' secondary auditory cortices, detailing temporal an' spectral analysis, phonemic mapping, an' early speech–nonspeech differentiation.
Cochlear transduction and frequency decompositionBrainstem nuclei and binaural processingMedial geniculate body and thalamic gatingPrimary auditory cortex and phonemic encodingSecondary auditory areas and speech–nonspeech parsingLesson 3Stepwise neural sequence when hearing a question an' answering aloud: auditory decoding, comprehension, formulation, motor planning, execution, an' feedback monitoringDis section follow di neural sequence from hearing a question to answering aloud, covering auditory decoding, comprehension, conceptual formulation, lexical selection, motor planning, execution, an' feedback monitoring across distributed networks.
Auditory decoding of the spoken questionSyntactic and semantic comprehension stagesConceptualization and message formulationPhonological encoding and motor planningExecution, monitoring, and error correctionLesson 4Primary sensorimotor cortices: primary motor cortex (speech motor areas), primary somatosensory cortex, primary auditory cortexDis section review primary motor, somatosensory, an' auditory cortices, emphasizing dem cytoarchitecture, somatotopy an' tonotopy, an' how dese primary areas support articulation, speech feedback, an' integration wid higher language regions.
Somatotopy of the primary motor speech areasOrofacial representation in primary somatosensory cortexTonotopic maps in primary auditory cortexCortical columns and cytoarchitecture in M1 and S1Integration of sensory feedback during articulationLesson 5Right hemisphere contributions: prosody, pragmatics, discourse-level processing, visuo-spatial an' affective aspectsDis section examine right hemisphere roles inna prosody, pragmatics, discourse, an' visuospatial an' affective processing, highlighting interhemispheric coordination an' clinical syndromes dat follow right hemisphere damage affecting communication.
Acoustic and linguistic prosody processingPragmatic inference and conversational implicatureDiscourse macrostructure and coherence buildingVisuospatial context in communication cuesAffective prosody and emotional interpretationLesson 6Association an' multimodal regions: inferior frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, angular an' supramarginal gyriDis section focus on association an' multimodal regions, including inferior frontal, superior temporal, angular, an' supramarginal gyri, explaining dem roles inna phonology, semantics, syntax, reading, an' cross-modal integration fi language.
Inferior frontal gyrus and phonological working memorySuperior temporal gyrus and lexical accessAngular gyrus in semantic and conceptual integrationSupramarginal gyrus in phonological mappingMultimodal convergence and reading networksLesson 7Neural control of speech motor output: cortical planning, corticobulbar tracts, cranial nerve nuclei (V, VII, IX, X, XII) an' motor executionDis section explain neural control of speech motor output, from cortical planning through corticobulbar tracts to cranial nerve nuclei, detailing motor execution, reflex modulation, an' feedback mechanisms dat maintain fluent, intelligible speech.
Cortical planning in premotor and SMA regionsCorticobulbar tract organization and lateralityCranial nerve nuclei for speech musculatureMotor execution and articulatory timingAuditory and somatosensory feedback controlLesson 8Subcortical structures an' cerebellum: basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellar contributions to speech timing, motor learning an' prosodyDis section explore basal ganglia, thalamus, an' cerebellum inna speech, emphasizing timing, motor learning, prosody, an' initiation, an' relating dem dysfunction to dysarthria, stuttering, hypophonia, an' ataxic speech patterns.
Basal ganglia loops and speech initiationThalamic relay and modulation of language signalsCerebellar timing and articulatory coordinationMotor learning and adaptation in speechSubcortical contributions to prosody controlLesson 9Cortical language centers: Broca’s area (anatomical boundaries, cytoarchitecture) an' Wernicke’s areaDis section detail cortical language centers, emphasizing Broca’s an' Wernicke’s areas, dem anatomical boundaries, cytoarchitecture, connectivity, an' distinct contributions to speech planning, syntax, lexical access, an' comprehension.
Anatomical boundaries of Broca’s areaCytoarchitecture of inferior frontal language cortexAnatomical boundaries of Wernicke’s areaPosterior temporal cortex and lexical semanticsFunctional connectivity between Broca and Wernicke
