Lesson 1AP pelvis: patient positioning, centering (midline at iliac crest or midway between ASIS and symphysis), SID, beam direction, and leg rotationExplain AP pelvis positionin landmarks, centerin options, SID selection, beam direction, an appropriate leg rotation to demonstrate femoral necks while limitin patient discomfort an avoidin pelvic distortion.
Align midsagittal plane to table midlineCenter midway ASIS–symphysis or iliac crestSelect standard 40-inch SID for pelvisDirect beam perpendicular to image receptorInternally rotate legs 15–20 degreesLesson 2AP knee: preparation, clothing removal, and comfort/immobilization strategiesCover patient greetin, verification of mobility limits, clothin an artifact removal, an use of supports or immobilization to maintain knee extension an comfort while minimizin motion durin AP knee radiography.
Confirm mobility limits an pain levelRemove pants, braces, an metallic itemsUse sponges to support knee an ankleImmobilize wid sandbags or strapsProvide blankets an explain sensationsLesson 3AP knee common errors (e.g., cut-off, rotation, underexposure) and corrective measuresAnalyze typical AP knee errors such as rotation, cutoff, an underexposure, teachin recognition on images an stepwise corrective actions to improve positionin, collimation, an exposure selection.
Recognize internal or external rotationIdentify cutoff of patella or condylesDetect underexposure an image noiseCorrect flexion an realign joint spaceAdjust collimation an repeat if neededLesson 4AP pelvis: patient prep, clothing/jewelry removal, and immobilizationDetail patient identification, pregnancy screenin, clothin an jewelry removal, an immobilization strategies dat reduce motion an improve comfort while preparin for an AP pelvis examination.
Verify identity an explain procedureScreen for pregnancy an recent imag inRemove pants, underwear, an jewelrySecure gown an maintain patient privacyUse sponges an straps to limit motionLesson 5AP pelvis: three objective image quality criteria (pelvic symmetry, femoral neck visibility, absence of motion)Define three key AP pelvis quality criteria—pelvic symmetry, femoral neck visualization, an absence of motion—an explain how to systematically evaluate each on completed images.
Check symmetry of iliac wings an obturatorsConfirm full visualization of femoral necksAssess sharp cortical an trabecular detailLook for motion blur in pelvic structuresDocument findins for quality assuranceLesson 6AP knee: suggested exposure ranges (kVp and mAs) for adult extremity imaging and expected image characteristicsOutline typical kVp an mAs ranges for adult AP knee imag in, how to adapt for habitus, an di expected radiographic appearance, includin cortical detail, trabecular pattern, an joint space visibility.
Select baseline kVp for adult kneesAdjust mAs for habitus an table buckyRecognize adequate penetration of condylesAssess cortical sharpness an trabeculaeEvaluate joint space an soft tissue detailLesson 7AP knee image quality criteria (joint space visualization, absence of rotation, cortical outlines)Explain AP knee image quality criteria, includin joint space visualization, absence of rotation, an clear cortical outlines, an show how to apply dese checks consistently in daily practice.
Evaluate medial an lateral joint spacesConfirm patella centered over femurAssess cortical margins for sharpnessCheck for motion blur or double outlinesRecord quality issues an corrective stepsLesson 8AP knee: detailed positioning, centering (tibiofemoral joint), SID, beam angulation if required, and collimation/grid useProvide stepwise AP knee positionin, includin leg alignment, centerin to di tibiofemoral joint, SID, optional beam angulation, an decisions on collimation an grid use for different patient sizes.
Align femur an tibia wid table midlineCenter to tibiofemoral joint spaceUse standard 40-inch SID for kneesApply 3–5° caudal tilt when indicatedCollimate tightlydecide on grid useLesson 9AP knee: patient ID and pre‑exam checks relevant to knee imagingFocus on confirm in patient identity, correct side an indication, allergy an implant history, an pre-exam safety checks specific to AP knee imag in, includin recent trauma an weight-bearin status.
Use two identifiers an verify exam sideConfirm clinical history an indicationsCheck for prostheses, hardware, or bracesReview recent trauma an pain severityConfirm pregnancy status when applicableLesson 10AP pelvis: patient ID, pregnancy check, and relevant pre‑checksDescribe patient identification, pregnancy screenin, prior imag in review, an other safety-related pre-checks dat must be completed before performin an AP pelvis examination.
Use two identifiers an verify requestConfirm correct exam an clinical questionScreen for pregnancy an LMP detailsReview prior pelvic imag in an reportsCheck mobility limits an pain levelLesson 11AP pelvis: collimation, grid usage, and typical exposure factor ranges (kVp and mAs) with rationaleCover collimation boundaries for AP pelvis, indications for grid use, an typical adult exposure factor ranges, explainin how kVp an mAs choices affect contrast, dose, an visualization of pelvic anatomy.
Define superior an inferior collimation limitsInclude lateral soft tissues widout excess fieldSelect grid for adult pelvis thicknessChoose baseline kVp an adjust for habitusBalance mAs for noise an patient doseLesson 12AP pelvis common errors (e.g., rotation, incorrect leg rotation) and prevention/correctionReview frequent AP pelvis errors such as pelvic rotation, incorrect leg rotation, an cutoff, wid strategies for detection on images an practical positionin corrections to prevent repeat exposures.
Identify pelvic rotation on imageRecognize inadequate leg internal rotationDetect cutoff of iliac wings or symphysisCorrect flexed knees or pelvic tiltDocument an learn from repeat images
