Lesson 1Cardiac silhouette and pericardial contours: right and left heart borders, normal cardiothoracic ratioCover normal heart shape pon PA chest X-ray, includin right an left heart border, big vessel edge, an heart-to-chest ratio. Teach how fi measure, describe, an tell normal variant from real big heart.
Right heart border and right atrial interfaceLeft heart border and left ventricular contourPulmonary artery segment and aortic knobMeasuring the cardiothoracic ratio on PAPericardial fat pads and normal variantsLesson 2Lungs zones and common normal variants: apices, mid zones, bases, emphysematous changes, scarring vs. acute processesCheck how lung divide inna top, middle, an bottom zone pon PA X-ray. Talk bout common normal variant like light scar, puff-up lung change, an age ting, an how fi separate dem from fresh sickness.
Defining apical, mid, and basal lung zonesNormal vascular pattern in each lung zoneApical pleural thickening and old scarringAge-related hyperinflation and emphysemaDistinguishing chronic change from acute opacityLesson 3Pleura and diaphragms: costophrenic angles, hemidiaphragm contours, normal pleural reflectionsLook at normal pleura line an diaphragm shape pon PA chest X-ray. Focus pon costophrenic angle, each side diaphragm shape, stomach bubble, an fine pleura line fi nuh call fluid or air leak wrong.
Sharp costophrenic and cardiophrenic anglesRight versus left hemidiaphragm heightGastric bubble and subdiaphragmatic gasNormal pleural reflections and fissure linesSubpulmonic effusion mimics and pitfallsLesson 4Common technical pitfalls and how they alter anatomy appearance: rotation, AP vs PA projection effects, under/overexposureSplain how technical ting change how chest look pon PA an AP X-ray. Focus pon turn, angle, light, an breath, show how each can act like sickness or hide it, an how fi spot bad image.
Assessing rotation using clavicular headsAP versus PA projection and heart sizeEffects of underexposure on lung detailEffects of overexposure on mediastinal linesInadequate inspiration and crowding of vesselsLesson 5Mediastinal and central thoracic landmarks: trachea, carina, main bronchi, aortic knuckle, superior mediastinumReview key middle chest landmark pon PA chest X-ray. Stress knowin normal spot, shape, an link of airway, big vessel, an top middle chest fi tell normal from sick.
Tracheal air column and midline alignmentCarina position and main bronchi anglesAortic knuckle and aortopulmonary windowSuperior mediastinal width and contoursRight and left paratracheal stripesLesson 6Chest wall and osseous structures: ribs, clavicles, scapulae, vertebral bodies and typical appearances on PA viewCover normal look of chest wall an bone pon PA X-ray. Include rib, collarbone, shoulder blade, breastbone, an spine, stress line-up, edge, an common harmless variant weh act like sickness.
Anterior and posterior rib contoursClavicular alignment and rotation cluesScapular borders and projection artifactsThoracic vertebral bodies and disc spacesSternal and costochondral joint variantsLesson 7Reference sources and image atlas orientation: how to use standard textbooks and online radiology teaching libraries to confirm normal appearancesGuide how fi use reference book an online image book fi check normal chest X-ray anatomy. Cover how fi navigate, search, an compare patient image wid pick normal example fi self-learn.
Selecting core chest radiology textbooksNavigating online teaching file librariesComparing patient films with normal atlasesUsing annotated images to learn landmarksBuilding a personal reference image archiveLesson 8Systematic reporting checklist for a normal PA chest X-ray: at least 10 structures to comment on and sample normal descriptionsGive a step-by-step, easy-to-use checklist fi read normal PA chest X-ray. Guide yuh through line, bone, soft tissue, lung, pleura, middle chest, heart, diaphragm, an upper belly wid sample normal word.
Initial image details and technical assessmentSoft tissues, chest wall, and visible neckBones: ribs, clavicles, scapulae, spineMediastinum, trachea, and cardiac silhouetteLungs, hila, pleura, diaphragm, upper abdomenLesson 9External patient factors and correct PA technique: positioning, inspiration, rotation, exposureDescribe right patient place an PA way fi chest X-ray. Highlight effect of turn, breath, shoulder blade place, an light pon image quality, an give real rule fi accept or do-over image.
Standard PA positioning and focal distanceChin, scapulae, and arm placementEvaluating adequacy of inspiration on PARotation assessment using spinous processesExposure criteria for mediastinum and lungsLesson 10Pulmonary hila and vasculature: pulmonary arteries and veins, bronchovascular markings, hilar symmetryDetail normal look of lung root an blood vessel pon PA X-ray. Stress compare spot, size, an thick of root shadow, airway-vessel mark, an blood vessel thin from middle to edge lung zone.
Right versus left hilar position and heightNormal hilar vessel size and densityBronchovascular markings to lung peripheryVascular tapering and pruning patternsRecognizing normal hilar lymph node silhouettes
