Lesson 1Landmarks fi early pregnancy: gestational sac, yolk sac, fetal pole, decidual reaction, an' double decidual signDescribe key sonographic landmarks of early pregnancy, including gestational sac, yolk sac, fetal pole, an' decidual reaction, an' explain di double decidual sign, normal evolution, an' expected timing by gestational age.
Normal appearance of gestational sacYolk sac morphology an' size limitsFetal pole visualization an' timingDecidual reaction an' double decidual signChronology of expected early findingsLesson 2Transabdominal acquisition: standard sagittal an' transverse pelvic planes an' uterine orientationCover transabdominal pelvic scanning inna early pregnancy, including bladder preparation, probe orientation, standard sagittal an' transverse planes, an' assessment of uterine position fi complement transvaginal imaging or when it is contraindicated.
Bladder filling an' patient positioningMidline sagittal pelvic overviewTransverse pelvic sweep an' adnexal surveyIdentifying uterine version an' flexionOptimizing depth, focus, an' gain settingsLesson 3Assessment of free fluid inna pelvis: location (Morison, pouch of Douglas), quantification, an' clinical implicationsExplain systematic assessment of free fluid inna di pelvis an' upper abdomen, including key spaces, grading volume, an' recognizing echogenic clot, an' link sonographic findings to clinical urgency an' possible ectopic rupture.
Scanning pouch of Douglas an' paracolic guttersRight upper quadrant an' Morison’s pouchCharacterizing anechoic versus complex fluidSemi-quantitative grading of free fluidImplications fi suspected ectopic ruptureLesson 4Measurements an' documentation: mean sac diameter (MSD), crown-rump length (CRL), fetal heart motion an' how fi measure/recordDetail standardized measurements an' documentation inna early pregnancy, including MSD, CRL, an' fetal heart rate, wid guidance pon caliper placement, image storage, cine loops, an' reporting fi support accurate dating an' viability assessment.
Mean sac diameter technique an' pitfallsCrown-rump length an' dating chartsFetal heart rate measurement methodsImage labeling an' cine loop storageIntegrating measurements into reportsLesson 5Safety, informed consent an' infection control fi transvaginal scanningAddress safety principles, informed consent, an' infection control fi transvaginal scanning, including ALARA, chaperone use, probe covers, high-level disinfection, an' respectful communication about intimate examinations.
ALARA an' first-trimester safety indicesObtaining an' documenting informed consentChaperone policies an' patient dignityProbe covers, gel use, an' barrier methodsHigh-level disinfection an' traceabilityLesson 6Clinical indications, patient preparation: bladder filling protocols fi transabdominal scanReview clinical indications fi first-trimester pelvic ultrasound an' detail patient preparation, wid emphasis pon bladder filling protocols fi transabdominal scans, contraindications, an' tailoring approach to symptoms an' hemodynamic status.
Common indications inna early pregnancyContraindications an' relative limitationsBladder filling volumes an' timingExplaining procedure an' managing anxietyAdapting protocol to unstable patientsLesson 7Transvaginal acquisition: systematic sagittal an' coronal views, uterine fundus-to-cervix sweep, adnexal interrogationOutline a stepwise transvaginal scan, emphasizing probe handling, systematic sagittal an' coronal sweeps, an' thorough evaluation of uterus, cervix, an' adnexa fi optimize visualization of early pregnancy structures an' pelvic pathology.
Patient positioning an' probe insertion techniqueMidline uterine sagittal sweep fundus to cervixParamedian sagittal sweeps fi uterine hornsCoronal plane acquisition an' optimizationSystematic adnexal an' cul-de-sac interrogationLesson 8Reporting language fi viability, dating, an' suspected ectopic pregnancy; recommended follow-up intervals an' when urgent referral is neededDefine standardized reporting language fi viability, dating, an' suspected ectopic pregnancy, an' outline recommended follow-up intervals, red-flag findings, an' criteria fi urgent gynecologic or emergency referral fi support safe patient care.
Structured report elements fi early pregnancyStandard terms fi viability an' uncertaintyDating statements an' measurement reportingSuggested follow-up an' repeat scan timingWhen fi escalate fi urgent specialist reviewLesson 9Findings suggesting ectopic pregnancy: adnexal mass characteristics, tubal ring, an' non-visualized IUP thresholds an' beta-hCG correlationDetail ultrasound findings dat raise concern fi ectopic pregnancy, including adnexal masses, tubal ring, an' free fluid, an' explain nonvisualized IUP thresholds, discriminatory beta-hCG levels, an' integration wid clinical risk factors.
Typical tubal ring an' adnexal mass patternsRing of fire an' vascularity assessmentFree fluid patterns an' hemoperitoneumDiscriminatory beta-hCG an' absent IUPPregnancy of unknown location algorithmsLesson 10Criteria fi confirm intrauterine pregnancy versus pseudogestational sacExplain sonographic criteria confirming a true intrauterine pregnancy, differentiating it from pseudogestational sacs, an' highlight pitfalls, timing, an' correlation wid clinical data fi avoid misdiagnosis an' inappropriate management.
Sonographic features of true gestational sacDouble decidual an' intradecidual signsCentral fluid collections an' pseudosacsRole of yolk sac an' fetal pole visualizationCorrelation wid symptoms an' serial beta-hCGLesson 11Probe selection an' machine presets: transabdominal curvilinear an' transvaginal endovaginal transducerCover selection of appropriate probes an' presets fi first-trimester pelvic ultrasound, comparing transabdominal curvilinear an' transvaginal transducers, an' explain optimization of frequency, depth, an' exam-specific settings.
Curvilinear versus endovaginal transducersChoosing frequency fi body habitusPreset selection fi early pregnancyAdjusting depth, focus, an' dynamic rangeHarmonics an' resolution versus penetration
