Lesson 1Sound wave fundamentals: frequency, wavelength, propagation, acoustic impedanceIntroduce core sound wave properties relevant to ultrasound imaging, including frequency, wavelength, propagation speed, an acoustic impedance, an explain how dese determine reflection, refraction, an transmission at interfaces.
Frequency, period, an clinical rangesWavelength an spatial resolution linksPropagation speed in different tissuesAcoustic impedance an reflectionRefraction an transmission at boundariesIntensity, power, an beam profilesLesson 2Basic troubleshooting: noise, probe contact problems, an cable/instrument checksProvide a structured approach to troubleshooting poor images, including recognizing noise, checking probe contact an gel, inspecting cables an connectors, an identifying when equipment service required.
Identifying electronic an speckle noiseImproving probe contact an gel useChecking cables, connectors, an portsVerifying presets an default settingsSimple on-di-spot functional testsWhen to escalate to technical serviceLesson 3Doppler basics (overview): color vs spectral Doppler principles an limits fi bedside useIntroduce Doppler physics fi bedside use, comparing color an spectral Doppler, aliasing an angle dependence, an practical limits in emergency an critical care applications wheh rapid, focused assessments needed.
Principles of di Doppler frequency shiftColor Doppler flow mapping an settingsSpectral Doppler waveforms an indicesAngle dependence an aliasing limitationsPractical bedside Doppler applicationsCommon Doppler pitfalls an artifactsLesson 4Transducer types an beam formation: linear, curvilinear, phased-array characteristicsDescribe linear, curvilinear, an phased-array transducers, how beam formation differ among dem, an how footprint, frequency, an field of view guide probe selection fi vascular, abdominal, cardiac, an lung imaging.
Linear probes an high-resolution imagingCurvilinear probes an abdominal viewsPhased-array probes an cardiac windowsBeam steering, focusing, an apodizationProbe frequency ranges an applicationsSelecting probes fi point-of-care examsLesson 5Attenuation an depth: effects of frequency selection on depth an image qualityExplore how ultrasound energy attenuated wid depth, how frequency choice alter penetration an resolution, an how to balance image brightness, noise, an diagnostic detail when scanning superficial versus deep structures.
Mechanisms of attenuation in soft tissueFrequency versus penetration trade-offsFrequency effects on axial an lateral resolutionOptimizing settings fi superficial targetsOptimizing settings fi deep structuresRecognizing attenuation-related artifactsLesson 6Focusing, focal zones, an near/far field optimizationCover how focusing an focal zones narrow di beam, improve lateral resolution, an differ in di near an far fields. Emphasize selecting an positioning focal zones to optimize target structures at varying depths.
Near field, focal zone, an far field basicsElectronic versus fixed focusing methodsEffect of focus on lateral resolutionChoosing number an depth of focal zonesOptimizing focus fi superficial targetsOptimizing focus fi deep structuresLesson 7Common artifacts: reverberation, shadowing, enhancement, mirror image, comet-tail, A/B-lines, ring-downReview key ultrasound artifacts, why dem occur, an how to recognize an use or avoid dem. Emphasize reverberation, shadowing, enhancement, mirror image, comet-tail, A- an B-lines, an ring-down in point-of-care exams.
Reverberation an multiple reflection patternsAcoustic shadowing an clean versus dirty shadowsPosterior acoustic enhancement mechanismsMirror image an duplication artifactsComet-tail, ring-down, an short-path artifactsA-lines, B-lines, an lung artifact patternsLesson 8Resolution an penetration: axial, lateral, an elevational resolution trade-offsDetail axial, lateral, an elevational resolution, how each depend on pulse length an beam width, an how probe choice, depth, an focusing affect di trade-off between fine detail an adequate penetration in clinical imaging.
Axial resolution an spatial pulse lengthLateral resolution an beam widthElevational resolution an slice thicknessDepth, focusing, an resolution changesProbe selection fi optimal resolutionBalancing resolution against penetrationLesson 9Time-gain compensation, overall gain, an dynamic range: purpose an practical adjustmentsExplain how time-gain compensation, overall gain, an dynamic range shape image brightness an contrast. Focus on practical knobology to correct fi depth-related attenuation an to avoid over- or under-gaining structures.
Overall gain an global brightness controlTime-gain compensation curve shapingDynamic range an image contrast controlRecognizing overgain an undergain patternsDepth-specific adjustments during scanningPreset use an manual fine-tuningLesson 10Safety an bioeffects: thermal an mechanical indices, ALARA principle, safe scanning timesOutline ultrasound safety principles, including thermal an mechanical indices, ALARA, an safe exposure times. Emphasize practical strategies to minimize risk while maintaining diagnostic image quality in vulnerable patients.
Thermal index meaning an limitationsMechanical index an cavitation riskALARA principle in daily practiceSafe scanning times by patient groupHigh-risk scenarios an mitigationRegulatory guidelines an labeling
