Lesson 1Doppler basics: color Doppler, power Doppler, pulsed-wave (PW) Doppler, continuous-wave (CW) overviewDis section introduce color, power, pulsed-wave, an' continuous-wave Doppler. Learners review basic hemodynamic principles, aliasing, an' when each Doppler mode appropriate inna routine vascular an' cardiac assessments.
Doppler effect and flow direction basicsColor Doppler principles and mapsPower Doppler sensitivity and usesPulsed-wave Doppler applicationsContinuous-wave Doppler indicationsLesson 2Harmonics, compound imaging, speckle reduction: when fi enable an' expected effectsDis section explore tissue harmonic imaging, spatial compound imaging, an' speckle reduction filters. Learners identify when fi enable each option, recognize expected image changes, an' avoid overprocessing artifacts.
Tissue harmonic imaging indicationsEffects of harmonics on resolution and noiseSpatial compound imaging benefitsSpeckle reduction filters and limitsBalancing detail with artifact controlLesson 3Machine controls an' presets: presets, depth, gain, time-gain compensation (TGC), dynamic range, focal zonesDis section detail core machine controls, including presets, depth, overall gain, TGC, dynamic range, an' focal zones. Learners practice systematic knobology fi rapidly obtain balanced, diagnostic B-mode images inna varied scenarios.
Selecting and modifying exam presetsDepth and field of view adjustmentsOverall gain versus TGC shapingDynamic range and image contrastFocal zone number and placementSaving user presets and recallLesson 4Frequency selection an' penetration: choosing MHz fi abdominal, pelvic, an' vascular scansDis section cover how fi choose appropriate transmit frequency fi different body regions. Learners relate MHz selection to penetration, resolution, an' patient habitus fi abdominal, pelvic, an' vascular ultrasound examinations.
Frequency versus penetration principlesChoosing MHz for abdominal imagingFrequency choices for pelvic scanningFrequency ranges for vascular studiesAdjusting for body habitus and depthLesson 5Beamforming an' focus: setting focal zones an' single vs multiple foci fi image clarityDis section explain beamforming concepts an' how focal zones influence lateral resolution. Learners compare single versus multiple focal zones, understand frame rate impact, an' learn practical focus placement fi key organs.
Transmit and receive beamforming basicsFocal depth and lateral resolutionSingle versus multiple focal zonesFocus and frame rate trade-offsBest focus placement by anatomyLesson 6Fundamental ultrasound physics: sound propagation, frequency, wavelength, attenuation, resolution trade-offsDis section review how sound waves travel through tissue, how frequency an' wavelength relate, an' how attenuation an' resolution trade-offs affect image quality. Learners link physics concepts directly to everyday scanning choices.
Acoustic wave properties and terminologyFrequency, period, and wavelength relationsPropagation speed in soft tissuesAttenuation, absorption, and scatteringAxial and lateral resolution trade-offsLesson 7Artifacts an' dem management: reverberation, shadowing, enhancement, mirror image, anisotropy an' how fi reduce or use demDis section review common ultrasound artifacts such as reverberation, shadowing, enhancement, mirror image, an' anisotropy. Learners learn fi recognize, minimize, or deliberately use artifacts fi improve diagnostic confidence.
Reverberation and comet-tail artifactsAcoustic shadowing and its causesPosterior acoustic enhancement usesMirror image and refraction artifactsAnisotropy in tendons and nervesTechniques to reduce unwanted artifactsLesson 8Image quality check procedures: phantom/QA basics an' quick pre-scan checks on live patients (preset load, probe connection, gel, sweep)Dis section outline routine image quality checks using phantoms an' quick pre-scan steps on patients. Topics include QA basics, verifying presets, probe connection, gel use, an' sweep checks before diagnostic imaging.
Phantom types and QA test basicsChecking depth, gain, and resolutionVerifying probe selection and cablesGel application and contact assessmentQuick sweep for global image reviewLesson 9Doppler settings an' optimization: PRF/scale, baseline, wall filter, gain, insonation angle effects, sample volume placementDis section focus on optimizing Doppler settings, including PRF or scale, baseline, wall filter, gain, angle, an' sample volume. Learners practice reducing aliasing an' noise while preserving accurate spectral information.
Setting PRF or scale to avoid aliasingBaseline shifts and display choicesWall filter to remove low-frequency noiseDoppler gain and noise managementInsonation angle and angle correctionSample volume size and placementLesson 10Transducer types an' construction: linear, curved (convex), phased array, endocavitary; footprint an' clinical usesDis section explain how fi select an' use linear, curved, phased array, an' endocavitary probes. Emphasis place on footprint, frequency range, construction basics, an' matching each transducer type to specific clinical applications.
Piezoelectric elements and housingLinear array footprint and indicationsCurved array for abdominal and OB usePhased array for cardiac and intercostalEndocavitary probes and safetyProbe care, handling, and damage signs
