Lesson 1Urine studies and interpretation: urinalysis, urine sediment microscopy, urine electrolytes, fractional excretion of sodium and ureaDis part detail how fi get an interpret urine studies in AKI pon CKD, includin urinalysis, sediment microscopy, urine electrolytes, an fractional excretion indices, fi separate prerenal, intrinsic, an postrenal causes an fine-tune diagnosis.
Standard urinalysis and dipstick findingsSediment microscopy and key castsUrine sodium and osmolality patternsFENa, FEUrea, and their limitationsIntegrating urine data with clinical contextLesson 2Acute complications requiring urgent action: hyperkalemia, severe acidosis, pulmonary edema, uremic manifestationsDis part deal wid acute complications a AKI pon CKD weh need urgent action, like hyperkalemia, severe metabolic acidosis, pulmonary edema, an uremic signs, wid focus pon stabilizin an when fi start emergent dialysis.
Emergency management of hyperkalemiaTreatment of severe metabolic acidosisRecognition and therapy of pulmonary edemaIdentifying uremic symptoms and signsDialysis triggers in acute complicationsLesson 3Definitions and staging of AKI and CKD, KDIGO criteria and integrationDis part review definitions an staging a AKI an CKD, focusin pon KDIGO criteria, how fi join acute an chronic changes, an how staging tell prognosis, monitorin level, an when fi call specialist.
KDIGO AKI diagnostic criteriaKDIGO AKI staging and prognosisCKD definition, staging, and GFR categoriesIntegrating AKI on CKD classificationsImplications for follow-up and counselingLesson 4Pathophysiology of acute on chronic kidney injury: hemodynamic, intrinsic, and postrenal causesDis part explore di pathophysiology a acute pon chronic kidney injury, separate hemodynamic, intrinsic renal, an postrenal ways, an link dem process to clinical pattern, diagnostic test, an target treatment strategy.
Hemodynamic causes and renal perfusionIntrinsic tubular and glomerular injuryPostrenal obstruction mechanismsNeurohormonal activation in CKD and AKIPathophysiology–guided treatment choicesLesson 5Identification and management of reversible precipitants: sepsis, nephrotoxins, volume depletion or overload, obstructionDis part review how fi recognize an treat reversible AKI trigger in CKD, like sepsis, nephrotoxins, volume depletion or overload, an urinary obstruction, wid stress pon quick fix an stop more kidney damage.
Recognizing sepsis and hemodynamic instabilityIdentifying and stopping nephrotoxic medicationsAssessing hypovolemia and fluid responsivenessManaging volume overload and decongestionDetecting and relieving urinary tract obstructionLesson 6Imaging indications and interpretation: renal ultrasound for obstruction, bladder scan, point-of-care ultrasound for volume statusDis part explain when an how fi use imaging in AKI pon CKD, includin renal ultrasound fi obstruction, bladder scan fi retention, an point-of-care ultrasound fi check volume status, heart function, an lung congestion.
Indications for renal ultrasoundRecognizing hydronephrosis and obstructionBladder scan for retention and retention riskPOCUS for IVC and volume assessmentLung and cardiac POCUS in AKI on CKDLesson 7Key laboratory interpretation: creatinine kinetics, BUN/creatinine ratio, electrolytes, acid-base analysis, lactateDis part focus pon interpret key lab data in AKI pon CKD, like creatinine kinetics, BUN/creatinine ratio, electrolytes, acid-base status, an lactate, fi tell acute from chronic changes an guide urgent management.
Creatinine trends and baseline estimationUsing BUN/creatinine ratio in contextElectrolyte patterns in AKI on CKDAcid–base analysis and anion gap useLactate, perfusion, and tissue hypoxiaLesson 8Decision-making for renal replacement therapy in AKI: indications, timing, modality selection (intermittent hemodialysis vs CRRT vs SLED)Dis part cover decision-makin fi renal replacement therapy in AKI pon CKD, includin classic signs, timin debate, an choice between intermittent hemodialysis, CRRT, an SLED base pon hemodynamics, resources, an care goals.
Absolute and relative indications for RRTEarly versus delayed initiation strategiesChoosing intermittent HD versus CRRTWhen to use SLED and hybrid approachesAnticoagulation and access considerationsLesson 9Interdisciplinary communication with ICU, ED, primary teams and nursing for urgent AKI careDis part stress effective chat between ICU, ED, primary teams, an nursin in urgent AKI care, focusin pon shared mental model, clear task handoff, escalation trigger, an standard handoff fi better safety an results.
Essential data to share during handoffClarifying roles and responsibilitiesEscalation criteria and rapid responseCommunicating dialysis urgency and plansDocumentation and closed-loop communicationLesson 10Initial rapid bedside assessment: history, focused exam, volume status, hemodynamicsDis part outline structured bedside approach fi AKI pon CKD, join focus history, target physical exam, volume status check, an hemodynamic evaluation fi quick spot life-threatenin problem an likely AKI cause.
Key history elements in AKI on CKDFocused exam for perfusion and congestionBedside tools for volume status assessmentBlood pressure, MAP, and perfusion targetsRisk stratification for deterioration and ICU
