Lesson 1Short-term physiological effects: central nervous system, motor function, sleep, and acute intoxicationCover acute effects a alcohol pon di brain, behaviour, an physiology. Examine dose-related CNS depression, motor an cognitive impairment, sleep disruption, acute intoxication syndromes, an factors dat modify short-term responses.
Dose-response and blood alcohol levelsCNS depression and neurochemical changesMotor incoordination and reaction timeEffects on sleep architecture and qualityClinical features of acute intoxicationRisk factors for accidents and injuriesLesson 2Long-term effects on mental health: depression, anxiety, suicidality, and interaction with psychiatric medicationsExplore how chronic alcohol use affect mental health, contribtin to depression, anxiety, suicidality, an relapse. Cover bidirectional relationships, diagnostic challenges, an interactions wid psychiatric medications an therapies.
Alcohol and depressive disordersAnxiety, panic, and alcohol useSuicidal ideation and attempt riskDiagnostic overlap and masking effectsInteractions with antidepressants and mood stabilizersIntegrated treatment and relapse preventionLesson 3Long-term organ-specific effects: brain (cognitive impairment, Wernicke-Korsakoff), neuroadaptation and dependenceFocus pon chronic alcohol effects pon di brain, includin cognitive decline, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, an structural changes. Explain neuroadaptation, tolerance, dependence, an links to clinical assessment an prevention.
Cognitive impairment and dementia riskThiamine deficiency and Wernicke-KorsakoffStructural and functional brain changesMechanisms of tolerance and sensitizationNeural circuits of dependence and cravingScreening and neurocognitive assessmentLesson 4Metabolism and elimination: alcohol dehydrogenase, CYP2E1, acetaldehyde, first-pass metabolism, elimination kineticsDetail enzymatic pathways dat clear ethanol, includin alcohol dehydrogenase, CYP2E1, an catalase. Explain acetaldehyde toxicity, first-pass metabolism, zero-order kinetics, genetic variants, an how disease an drugs alter clearance.
Alcohol dehydrogenase pathwaysCYP2E1 induction and toxic byproductsAcetaldehyde formation and detoxificationFirst-pass metabolism and gut-liver axisZero-order kinetics and clinical implicationsGenetic polymorphisms affecting metabolismLesson 5Distribution of alcohol: blood alcohol concentration, body water, sex and age differencesExplain how ethanol distribute in body water, how blood alcohol concentration determine, an how sex, age, body composition, an pregnancy influence levels. Introduce Widmark concepts an implications fi testin an dosin.
Volume of distribution and body waterWidmark formula and BAC estimationSex differences in BAC and effectsAge-related pharmacokinetic changesImpact of obesity and body compositionPregnancy and lactation considerationsLesson 6Interactions with common comorbidities and medications (antihypertensives, diabetes medications, psychotropics)Review how alcohol interact wid common chronic diseases an medications, includin antihypertensives, diabetes drugs, an psychotropics. Discuss pharmacokinetic an pharmacodynamic interactions an clinical management strategies.
Effects on blood pressure and heart drugsInteractions with diabetes medicationsAlcohol and psychotropic drug synergyHepatic metabolism and drug levelsAlcohol in chronic pain and opioidsCounseling patients on safe useLesson 7Ethanol absorption: oral intake, gastric emptying, and factors affecting rateExamine how ethanol absorp afta oral intake, includin gastric an small intestinal phases. Discuss gastric emptyin, food effects, beverage concentration, an other factors dat modify absorption rate an peak BAC.
Sites and mechanisms of ethanol absorptionRole of gastric emptying and motilityInfluence of food and meal compositionBeverage concentration and carbonationEffects of GI disease and surgeryPractical ways to slow absorptionLesson 8Alcohol withdrawal physiology and risk factors for severe withdrawal (delirium tremens, seizures)Describe di neurobiology a alcohol withdrawal, from mild symptoms to delirium tremens an seizures. Review receptor adaptations, autonomic hyperactivity, risk factors fi severe withdrawal, an principles a clinical risk stratification.
Neuroadaptation of GABA and glutamateAutonomic hyperactivity mechanismsClinical spectrum of withdrawal signsPathophysiology of seizures and DTsRisk factors for complicated withdrawalAssessment tools and risk stratificationLesson 9Long-term organ-specific effects: liver (steatosis, hepatitis, cirrhosis) and pathophysiologyExplore how chronic alcohol use injure di liver, from fatty change to hepatitis an cirrhosis. Review cellular mechanisms, fibrosis pathways, clinical manifestations, an how dose, pattern a use, an comorbidities shape disease risk.
Progression from steatosis to cirrhosisHepatocellular injury and oxidative stressInflammation, fibrosis, and stellate cellsClinical features and diagnostic evaluationImpact of nutrition, obesity, and viral hepatitisLesson 10Long-term organ-specific effects: cardiovascular system (hypertension, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia)Analyze long-term cardiovascular consequences a alcohol, includin hypertension, cardiomyopathy, an arrhythmias. Review dose-response data, mechanisms a injury, clinical presentations, an implications fi risk counselin.
Blood pressure changes and mechanismsAlcoholic cardiomyopathy pathophysiologyArrhythmias, including atrial fibrillationInteractions with cardiovascular drugsReversibility with abstinence or reductionRisk communication and patient advice
