Lesson 1Pharmacokinetics, formulations, dosing schedules, an routes a administrationDis section a go detail absorption, distribution, metabolism, an elimination a GLP-1 RAs, dual incretins, SGLT2 inhibitors, an fixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 products, linking pharmacokinetics to dosing schedules, titration, an route selection.
Onset, peak, and duration of GLP-1 receptor agonistsOral versus injectable incretin formulationsRenal handling and half-life of SGLT2 inhibitorsFixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 titration strategiesAdjusting doses in organ dysfunction and frailtyLesson 2Common therapeutic effects: glycemic control, weight change, blood pressure an cardiorenal effectsDis section a go review expected effects a newer agents pon HbA1c, fasting an postprandial glucose, body weight, blood pressure, an cardiorenal outcomes. It a go highlight class differences, dose–response patterns, an realistic targets fi shared decisions.
HbA1c and time-in-range improvements by classWeight loss profiles of GLP-1 and dual incretinsBlood pressure and volume effects of SGLT2 inhibitorsCardiovascular outcome benefits and neutral findingsRenal protection and albuminuria reduction patternsLesson 3Contraindications, cautions an special populations: renal impairment thresholds, hepatic impairment, personal/family medullary thyroid carcinoma/MEN2, pregnancy an lactationDis section a go cover contraindications an cautions fi newer agents, including renal an hepatic impairment thresholds, thyroid C-cell disease, MEN2, pregnancy, lactation, frailty, an elderly patients, wid emphasis pon risk–benefit assessment.
eGFR thresholds for SGLT2 and incretin therapiesHepatic impairment and dose adjustment needsMedullary thyroid carcinoma and MEN2 precautionsUse in pregnancy, lactation, and preconceptionElderly, frail, and multimorbid patient considerationsLesson 4Mechanisms a action: GLP-1 receptor agonists, dual/triple incretin agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, fixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 combosDis section a go explain mechanisms a GLP-1 receptor agonists, dual an triple incretin agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, an fixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 combinations, linking molecular actions to clinical benefits, risks, an rational drug selection.
GLP-1 receptor signaling and beta-cell effectsDual and triple incretin agonists: rationale and dataRenal glucose transport and SGLT2 inhibitionSynergy in fixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 productsMechanistic basis for cardiorenal protectionLesson 5Reading an applying guideline statements: how fi extract recommendations from ADA, EASD, ESC, KDIGO, an national guidelines fi therapy choice an sequencingDis section a go explain how fi navigate ADA, EASD, ESC, KDIGO, an national guidelines. Emphasis pon extracting graded recommendations, reconciling differences, an translating algorithms into individualized therapy choices an sequencing.
Structure of ADA, EASD, ESC, KDIGO documentsStrength of recommendation and evidence gradingPrioritizing cardiorenal risk in treatment algorithmsReconciling conflicting guidance across societiesAdapting global guidance to national formulariesLesson 6Drug interactions wid commonly used medications een diabetes, CV disease, an lipid-lowering therapyDis section a go analyze pharmacodynamic an pharmacokinetic interactions between newer glucose-lowering drugs an common agents fi hypertension, heart failure, dyslipidemia, an antiplatelet therapy, focusing pon safety an efficacy een polypharmacy.
Interactions with ACE inhibitors and ARBsLoop and thiazide diuretics with SGLT2 inhibitorsStatins, fibrates, and newer glucose-lowering drugsAntiplatelet and anticoagulant co-therapy issuesManaging complex polypharmacy in older adultsLesson 7Interpreting clinical trial endpoints: HbA1c reduction, body weight, MACE, heart-failure hospitalization, renal composite outcomesDis section a go teach interpretation a clinical trial endpoints, including HbA1c change, weight loss, MACE, heart-failure hospitalization, renal composites, an safety outcomes, emphasizing absolute risk, NNT, an patient-centered relevance.
Glycemic endpoints: HbA1c, TIR, and durabilityWeight and metabolic syndrome outcomesMACE and expanded cardiovascular endpointsHeart-failure hospitalization and diuretic sparingRenal composite endpoints and slope analysesLesson 8Major adverse effects an safety signals: GI effects, pancreatitis concerns, euglycemic DKA, genital infections, hypoglycemia risk wid combosDis section a go review major adverse effects a newer agents, including gastrointestinal intolerance, pancreatitis concerns, euglycemic DKA, genital an urinary infections, volume depletion, an hypoglycemia when combined wid insulin or sulfonylureas.
Gastrointestinal effects and mitigation strategiesPancreatitis and gallbladder disease signalsEuglycemic DKA: recognition and preventionGenital and urinary infections with SGLT2 drugsHypoglycemia risk in combination regimens
