Lesson 1Preservatives, fragrances, an' potential irritants: parabens, isothiazolinones, fragrance allergens — relevance fi sensitive skinAnalyze preservatives, fragrances, an' other potential irritants. Cover parabens, isothiazolinones, formaldehyde releasers, an' fragrance allergens, wid emphasis on patch testing, regulatory limits, an' guidance fi sensitive or atopic skin, yuh zeet.
Common preservative classes an' safety dataIsothiazolinones an' formaldehyde releasersFragrance allergens an' labeling rulesFormulating fi sensitive an' atopic skinPatch testing an' counseling on avoidanceLesson 2Retinoids an' retinoid alternatives: tretinoin, adapalene, retinol, retinaldehyde — mechanism, efficacy, irritation managementExplore topical retinoids an' alternatives, including tretinoin, adapalene, retinol, an' retinaldehyde. Discuss receptor binding, evidence in acne an' photoaging, titration strategies, buffering, an' managing irritation an' purging, mi bredda.
Retinoid classes an' receptor selectivityAcne vs photoaging: evidence an' regimensRetinol an' retinaldehyde: conversion stepsInitiation, titration, an' buffering methodsManaging irritation, purging, an' adherenceLesson 3Excipients an' vehicles affecting delivery: pH, liposomes, esters, gels, creams, oil-in-water vs water-in-oil impact on actives an' tolerabilityExamine how excipients an' vehicles shape delivery, efficacy, an' tolerability. Compare gels, creams, lotions, an' ointments, pH effects, liposomes an' esters, an' how oil-in-water versus water-in-oil systems alter penetration, respect.
pH impact on ionization an' irritationOil-in-water vs water-in-oil: key differencesLiposomes an' encapsulation fi activesRole of esters an' solvents in penetrationSelecting vehicles fi skin type an' diseaseLesson 4Lightening pathway modulators: hydroquinone, azelaic acid, tranexamic acid — mechanisms an' cautionsCover hydroquinone, azelaic acid, an' tranexamic acid as modulators of melanogenesis an' vascular components. Detail mechanisms, dosing, treatment duration, rebound risk, an' safety considerations in different skin phototypes, yuh hear.
Hydroquinone: mechanism an' cycling regimensAzelaic acid fi pigment an' acne overlapTranexamic acid: topical an' oral usePost-inflammatory hyperpigmentation strategiesSafety in darker phototypes an' pregnancyLesson 5Photoprotection actives an' filters: UVA/UVB chemical filters, mineral filters (zinc oxide, titanium dioxide), photostability, broad-spectrum requirementsReview organic an' mineral UV filters, including zinc oxide an' titanium dioxide. Explain UVA an' UVB coverage, SPF an' PPD concepts, photostability, filter combinations, an' regulatory an' labeling aspects of broad-spectrum claims, yuh know.
UVA vs UVB: clinical an' labeling relevanceOrganic filters: profiles an' combinationsMineral filters: particle size an' aestheticsPhotostability an' use of stabilizing systemsBroad-spectrum, SPF, an' PPD requirementsLesson 6Sunscreen adjuncts an' enhancers: photostabilizers, antioxidants, intended claimsFocus on sunscreen adjuncts weh enhance protection, such as photostabilizers an' antioxidants. Explore mechanisms, evidence fi reduced photoaging, marketing claims, an' how adjuncts influence texture an' user adherence, seen.
Photostabilizers fi vulnerable UV filtersAntioxidants in sunscreens: added benefitsBlue light an' infrared protection claimsImpact on cosmetic elegance an' adherenceEvaluating evidence behind marketing claimsLesson 7Anti-inflammatory an' barrier-supporting actives: ceramides, fatty acids, cholesterol, panthenol, colloidal oatmeal, allantoinDetail barrier-supporting an' soothing actives such as ceramides, fatty acids, cholesterol, panthenol, colloidal oatmeal, an' allantoin. Explain barrier repair ratios, anti-inflammatory actions, an' roles in dermatitis an' post-procedure care, yuh zeet.
Ceramide, cholesterol, fatty acid ratiosPanthenol an' allantoin: soothing mechanismsColloidal oatmeal: anti-itch an' barrier effectsBarrier repair in eczema an' irritant dermatitisPost-procedure recovery an' product layeringLesson 8Antioxidants an' brightening agents: vitamin C (ascorbic acid forms), niacinamide, alpha arbutin, kojic acid — stability, interactions, clinical indicationsDetail vitamin C forms, niacinamide, alpha arbutin, an' kojic acid. Discuss antioxidant an' brightening mechanisms, stability challenges, compatible pH ranges, layering wid other actives, an' evidence-based indications fi dyschromia, mi bredda.
Ascorbic acid vs derivatives an' pH needsNiacinamide: barrier, tone, an' tolerabilityAlpha arbutin an' kojic acid: pigment targetsFormulation an' packaging fi antioxidant stabilityCombining brighteners wid retinoids an' acidsLesson 9Keratolytics an' comedolytics: salicylic acid, benzoyl peroxide, azelaic acid — concentrations, vehicles, side effectsReview keratolytics an' comedolytics such as salicylic acid, benzoyl peroxide, an' azelaic acid. Address mechanisms, optimal concentrations, vehicle selection, bleaching risk, irritation, an' combining wid retinoids or antibiotics, respect.
Salicylic acid: pH, strength, an' vehiclesBenzoyl peroxide: efficacy an' bleaching riskAzelaic acid: dual comedolytic an' brighteningCombining wid retinoids an' topical antibioticsIrritation, dryness, an' mitigation tacticsLesson 10Humectants an' emollients: glycerin, hyaluronic acid, urea — function an' formulation considerationsExplore humectants an' emollients such as glycerin, hyaluronic acid, an' urea. Cover mechanisms of water binding, barrier support, ideal concentrations, synergy wid occlusives, an' formulation choices fi dry, sensitive, an' aging skin, yuh hear.
Glycerin: mechanism, levels, an' skin feelHyaluronic acid weights an' crosslinkingUrea concentrations an' indicationsCombining humectants, emollients, occlusivesFormulation tips fi dry an' sensitive skin