Lesson 1Indications for revascularization: endovascular vs open surgery, patient selection, peri-procedural planning, and outcomesDefine when fi consider revascularization fi claudication an limb-threatening ischemia. Compare endovascular an open options, pick di right patient, plan peri-procedural, an set real expectations fi patency an functional outcomes.
Indications in claudication versus CLIEndovascular techniques and devicesOpen surgical bypass principlesAnatomic and clinical selection factorsOutcome expectations and complication risksLesson 2Medical management: antiplatelet therapy, statins, antihypertensives, glycemic control — drug classes, example agents, targets, and evidence basisCheck out antiplatelet agents, statins, blood pressure meds, an blood sugar drugs in PAD. Spotlight treatment targets, big trials, pickin drugs wid comorbidities, an ways fi boost adherence an cut side effects.
Antiplatelet options and dosing in PADLipid lowering intensity and statin choiceBlood pressure targets and drug classesGlycemic control strategies in PADPolypharmacy, adherence, and monitoringLesson 3Ankle-brachial index (ABI): technique, interpretation, and limitations (including falsely elevated ABI)Step-by-step ABI measurement, prep patient, set up gear. Explain thresholds, pitfalls like medial calcification, an extra tests when ABI fake high or no good.
Patient positioning and cuff selectionDoppler probe placement and readingsABI calculation and cutoff valuesRecognizing falsely elevated ABIWhen to use TBI or other adjunct testsLesson 4Duplex ultrasonography for PAD: waveform analysis, peak systolic velocity ratios, and segmental localizationExplain duplex ultrasound physics fi PAD, scanning method, segmental check. Stress waveform shape, peak systolic velocity ratios, an rules fi grade stenosis an find big lesions.
Probe selection and patient positioningArterial mapping and segmental approachWaveform patterns in health and diseasePeak systolic velocity ratio criteriaReporting and documentation standardsLesson 5Advanced vascular imaging: CTA and contrast-enhanced MRA indications, protocols, and common artifactsCover CTA an contrast MRA when fi use, no-gos, protocol tweak. Review image get, rebuild, an spot common artifacts weh mimic or hide peripheral artery disease.
Patient selection for CTA versus MRAContrast use, dosing, and safety issuesAcquisition parameters and reconstructionRecognition of motion and metal artifactsStrategies to reduce artifacts and misreadsLesson 6Pathophysiology of atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease (PAD) and risk factorsDig into atherosclerotic ways in peripheral arteries, plaque grow, hemodynamic effects. Stress body risk factors, dem mix-up, an how dem turn limb ischemia an bad heart outcomes.
Atherogenesis in peripheral arterial bedsEndothelial dysfunction and inflammationHemodynamic impact of stenosis and occlusionTraditional and emerging PAD risk factorsRisk factor clustering and global CV riskLesson 7Noninvasive functional tests: treadmill testing, toe-brachial index, and transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO2)Detail protocols fi treadmill, toe-brachial index, TcPO2. Focus standard, safety, thresholds, an how dese tests guide diagnosis, outlook, treatment pick in PAD.
Treadmill protocols and safety measuresTreadmill test interpretation in PADToe-brachial index technique and cutoffsTcPO2 measurement setup and calibrationFunctional tests in treatment decision-makingLesson 8Follow-up strategies for PAD patients: frequency, surveillance tests, wound care referral triggers, and secondary prevention metricsOutline follow-up times after PAD diagnosis or fix. Review surveillance tests, wound check, referral signs, track secondary prevention fi cut limb loss an heart events.
Post-intervention surveillance schedulesUse of ABI and duplex in follow-upFoot exams and wound referral criteriaMonitoring risk factor control metricsPatient education and self-care plansLesson 9Exercise therapy and supervised walking programs: prescription, expected benefits, and monitoringDescribe supervised walking, home plans, structured exercise scripts. Talk mechanisms, timelines, no-gos, tools fi check adherence, symptoms, gains.
Exercise prescription components in PADSupervised versus home-based programsMechanisms of improved walking distanceMonitoring symptoms and functional gainsContraindications and safety precautionsLesson 10Clinical presentation and differential diagnoses of intermittent claudication and critical limb ischemiaClear up typical signs of claudication an critical limb ischemia. Separate PAD from nerve, muscle, vein leg pain causes, guide sharp check an quick referral.
Typical intermittent claudication featuresSigns of critical limb ischemiaNeurogenic versus vascular claudicationMusculoskeletal and venous mimickersKey history and exam for differentiationLesson 11Acute limb ischemia recognition and first 24–48 hour management: anticoagulation, vascular surgery consult, thrombolysis and embolectomy basicsHandle quick spot of acute limb ischemia, bedside check, risk levels. Outline quick blood thinner, imaging pick, link wid vascular surgery fi thrombolysis, embolectomy, urgent fix.
Clinical classification of acute limb ischemiaBedside vascular exam and Doppler useInitial anticoagulation and monitoringIndications for urgent vascular consultBasics of thrombolysis and embolectomy
