Lesson 1Atrial arrhythmogenesis an' thromboembolism inna chronic atrial fibrillation: atrial remodeling, stasis, an' stroke riskDetails how chronic atrial fibrillation change up atrial structure an' function, promote blood stasis, an' increase thromboembolic risk, integratin' remodeling biology wid clinical stroke prediction, imaging, an' anticoagulation strategies, mi bredda.
Electrical an' structural atrial remodelingLoss a atrial kick an' hemodynamic impactLeft atrial appendage stasis an' clotCHA₂DS₂-VASc an' bleeding risk scoresImaging a atrial thrombus an' flowPathophysiology a cardioembolic strokeLesson 2Ischemia pathophysiology inna ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI): plaque rupture, thrombosis, transmural infarction an' inferior wall-specific anatomyCovers di sequence from plaque rupture to thrombotic occlusion an' transmural infarction inna STEMI, emphasizin' coronary anatomy, inferior wall vulnerability, right ventricular involvement, an' implications fi symptoms, ECG, an' therapy, yuh know.
Plaque rupture an' thrombosis cascadeComplete occlusion an' wavefront necrosisTransmural injury an' ST-elevation patternsInferior wall blood supply an' variantsRight ventricular infarction physiologyReperfusion injury an' salvageable myocardiumLesson 3Interaction a common comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, CKD, prior stroke, smoking, hyperlipidemia) wid cardiac pathophysiologyIntegrates how hypertension, diabetes, CKD, prior stroke, smoking, an' hyperlipidemia interact wid cardiac structure, vessels, an' hemostasis, acceleratin' atherosclerosis, remodeling, arrhythmias, an' heart failure progression, seen.
Hypertension an' pressure overload LVHDiabetes, microvascular disease, an' HFCKD, uremic toxins, an' volume overloadHyperlipidemia an' atherosclerotic burdenSmoking, endothelial injury, an' thrombosisPrior stroke an' cardio-cerebral interplayLesson 4Limitations a pathophysiologic models an' translation to patients wid multimorbidity an' advanced ageDiscusses why classic pathophysiologic models may fail inna older adults an' multimorbid patients, highlightin' altered reserves, polypharmacy, frailty, an' competing risks dat complicate diagnosis, risk prediction, an' treatment choices, yuh zeet.
Physiologic aging an' reduced reserveAtypical presentations inna older patientsMultimorbidity an' competing mechanismsPolypharmacy an' altered drug responseRisk scores inna heterogeneous populationsIndividualizing goals an' shared decisionsLesson 5Pharmacologic mechanisms: ACEi/ARB/ARNI, beta blockers, MRAs, SGLT2 inhibitors, antiplatelet an' anticoagulant agents, reperfusion therapies an' dem physiologic effectsReviews mechanisms a major cardiovascular drug classes, linkin' receptor targets an' signaling pathways to hemodynamic, neurohormonal, an' antithrombotic effects, an' explainin' how dese translate into symptom relief an' outcome benefits, mi fren.
RAAS blockade wid ACEi, ARB, an' ARNIBeta-blockers an' sympathetic modulationMRAs an' aldosterone-driven remodelingSGLT2 inhibitors an' cardiorenal effectsAntiplatelet pathways an' platelet inhibitionAnticoagulants an' coagulation cascade targetsLesson 6Hemodynamic consequences a reduced LVEF: preload, afterload, contractility, an' congestion explainin' dyspnea, orthopnea, JVP, crackles, edemaExplains how reduced left ventricular ejection fraction alters preload, afterload, an' contractility, producin' congestion an' low output, an' connects dese changes to bedside signs such as dyspnea, orthopnea, JVP elevation, crackles, an' edema, yuh hear.
Frank–Starling curve inna systolic failureAfterload, arterial tone, an' LV performanceNeurohormonal responses to low outputPulmonary venous hypertension an' dyspneaSystemic venous congestion an' edemaJVP, hepatojugular reflux, an' exam cluesLesson 7Physiologic basis fi diagnostic test findings: ECG changes (LVH, inferior ST-elevations, AF), echo findings inna HFrEF an' wall-motion abnormalities, biomarkers (troponin, BNP/NT-proBNP)Explores how underlying cardiac physiology produces characteristic ECG, echocardiographic, an' biomarker patterns, enablin' learners to interpret LVH, ischemia, atrial fibrillation, an' heart failure findings inna mechanistic, clinically useful way, right.
Voltage criteria an' repolarization inna LVHInferior ST-elevation an' coronary anatomyAF mechanisms an' ECG irregularityEcho features a HFrEF an' wall motionTroponin kinetics an' myocardial necrosisBNP/NT-proBNP an' wall stress physiologyLesson 8Cardiac remodeling an' systolic dysfunction mechanisms leadin' to heart failure wid reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)Describes molecular, cellular, an' structural processes drivin' cardiac remodeling an' systolic dysfunction inna HFrEF, includin' neurohormonal activation, myocyte injury, fibrosis, an' chamber dilation, an' how dese changes worsen pump performance, yuh know.
Myocyte loss, apoptosis, an' necrosisHypertrophy, dilation, an' geometry changeFibrosis, stiffness, an' conduction delayNeurohormonal drivers a remodelingMitral regurgitation from LV dilationReverse remodeling wid guideline therapy
