Lesson 1Earthing/grounding systems: design, testing (soil resistivity, fall-of-potential), touch/step potentials, and equipotential bondingExplore groundin system design, includin grids, rods, an bondin. Cover soil resistivity test, fall-of-potential, touch an step potentials, an supervision a periodic testin an corrective action.
Grounding grid components and layoutSoil resistivity surveys and data useFall-of-potential and clamp-on testingTouch and step potential risk controlEquipotential bonding and continuity checksLesson 2Dry-type distribution transformers: construction, ventilation, loss mechanisms, and deratingExplore dry-type transformer construction, insulation systems, an coolin paths. Address loss mechanisms, temperature rise, deratin fi altitude an harmonics, an inspection points fi dust, hotspots, an loose connections.
Core, windings, and insulation arrangementsVentilation paths, ducts, and enclosure typesNo-load and load losses, hotspots, and agingThermal classes, temperature rise, and sensorsDerating for altitude, harmonics, and enclosureLesson 3Station auxiliary systems: DC charging systems, battery types and maintenance, battery chargers, AC/DC distributionDescribe DC systems fi substation, includin battery banks, chargers, an DC distribution. Cover battery types, inspection, capacity testin, charger settins, redundancy, an supervision a records an maintenance plans.
DC system roles in control and protectionBattery chemistries, sizing, and layoutBattery inspection, testing, and replacementCharger modes, settings, and alarmsDC panel distribution, fuses, and labelingLesson 4Cooling, ventilation, and HVAC for transformer rooms and control roomsExplain HVAC an ventilation needs fi transformer an control rooms, includin heat load, airflow, an filtration. Address redundancy, monitorin, alarms, an supervision a cleanin, filter changes, an performance checks.
Heat load estimation and equipment lossesVentilation paths and airflow managementHVAC system types and redundancy optionsTemperature, humidity, and alarm settingsFilter maintenance and condenser cleaningLesson 5Protection relays: overcurrent, differential, gas (Buchholz), transformer protection schemes, and relay logicIntroduce relay types use inna transformer substation, includin overcurrent, differential, an Buchholz protection. Cover logic diagrams, settins review, trip coordination, an supervision a testin, records, an change control.
Overcurrent and earth fault relay functionsDifferential protection principles and settingsGas (Buchholz) relay operation and alarmsTransformer protection scheme architecturesRelay logic, interlocks, and trip testingLesson 6Electrical single-line diagrams, bus configurations, and substation layoutsCover interpretation a single-line diagrams, bus schemes, an substation layouts. Focus pon understandin power flow, isolation points, an equipment locations fi support safe switchin an maintenance plannin.
Single-line symbols and notationsBus configurations and operating modesFeeder, transformer, and tie arrangementsPhysical layout of yards and roomsUsing drawings for switching and taggingLesson 7Circuit breaker types for 13.8 kV and 0.48 kV (vacuum, SF6, air), operating mechanisms, trip coils, and auxiliary contactsReview medium- an low-voltage breaker types, includin vacuum, SF6, an air. Explain operatin mechanisms, trip coils, auxiliary contacts, an supervision a inspections, timin tests, lubrication, an interlock checks.
Vacuum, SF6, and air breaker applicationsInterrupting ratings, duty cycles, and limitsSpring, magnetic, and motor mechanismsTrip coils, close coils, and supervision relaysAuxiliary contacts, wiring, and interlocksLesson 8Power transformer design, ratings, cooling (ONAN/ONAF), OLTC construction and operationDetail power transformer ratings, impedance, an vector groups, wid focus pon ONAN an ONAF coolin. Explain OLTC components, tap selector an diverter, control logic, an supervision a inspection, oil checks, an tap tests.
Nameplate data, MVA, voltage, and impedanceCooling modes ONAN, ONAF, and monitoring needsTemperature indicators, alarms, and tripsOLTC mechanical parts and oil compartmentsTap change control, sequencing, and testingLesson 9Instrumentation and metering: CTs/VTs, accuracy classes, wiring, and metering checksCover CT an VT functions, accuracy classes, an burden limits, wid emphasis pon correct polarity, wirin practices, an isolation. Include meterin checks, ratio an phase verification, an supervision a testin an documentation.
CT and VT roles in measurement and protectionAccuracy classes, burden, and saturation limitsPolarity, phase orientation, and marking checksWiring diagrams, terminal blocks, and shieldingMetering test plans, ratios, and error evaluationLesson 10Oil handling systems: filtration, storage, filling, and safety measures for oil-immersed transformersDescribe oil handlin fi power transformers, includin storage, filtration, an fillin. Address contamination risks, safety measures, spill control, an supervision a contractors, test reports, an procedures.
Oil properties, tests, and acceptance limitsStorage tanks, drums, and labeling rulesFiltration, dehydration, and degassing stepsFilling, topping up, and sampling methodsSpill response, fire safety, and PPE useLesson 11Human-machine interfaces and SCADA basics relevant to substation monitoring and alarmsIntroduce HMI an SCADA functions fi substation monitorin, control, an alarms. Cover basic architectures, communication links, typical screens, alarm handlin, event logs, an supervision a access an configuration changes.
SCADA architecture and data flow overviewHMI screen types, mimic diagrams, and trendsAlarm priorities, filtering, and responseEvent logs, SOE, and disturbance recordsUser roles, passwords, and change trackingLesson 12Standards, codes, and regulatory compliance relevant to substations (IEC, IEEE, local regulations)Summarize key IEC, IEEE, an local standards affectin substation design, equipment, an maintenance. Emphasize supervisor duties inna compliance, documentation, audits, an managin updates to codes an regulations.
IEC and IEEE standards for transformersBreaker, relay, and DC system standardsGrounding, insulation, and safety standardsLocal electrical codes and permitting needsCompliance audits, records, and updates
