Lesson 1Feed additives and supplements: buffers, yeast, ionophores, anthelmintics and mineral premixesWe look at key feed additives and supplements for ruminant diets, like buffers, yeast, ionophores, dewormers, and mineral mixes, explaining how they work, their benefits, limits, and rules for use on our farms.
Mode of action of buffersYeast cultures and rumen microbesIonophores and feed efficiencyAnthelmintics in feeding programsFormulating mineral premix packagesLesson 2Macro- and micro-mineral requirements and common deficiencies (Ca, P, Mg, Se, Cu, S, Co, I)This part discusses roles, needs, and interactions of macro- and micro-minerals in ruminants, focusing on Ca, P, Mg, Se, Cu, S, Co, and I. We cover signs of common shortages and ways to prevent them in dairy, beef, and small stock.
Functions of Ca, P and MgTrace minerals Se, Cu, Co, IClinical signs of key deficienciesAntagonisms among minerals in dietsDesigning mineral supplementationLesson 3Fiber, NDF, ADF and their effects on intake and rumen functionWe explain fibre parts like NDF and ADF, and how they affect chewing, rumen fill, passage, and milk fat. We stress balancing fibre for good intake, rumen health, and animal performance on Gambian farms.
Definitions of fiber, NDF and ADFPhysically effective NDF and chewingFiber effects on rumen pH and VFAFiber, intake regulation and gut fillManaging low- and high-fiber dietsLesson 4Practical feeding management: grouping strategies, feed delivery, bunk management, water quality and intake driversWe focus on everyday feeding management, like grouping animals, feed delivery times, bunk care, and water quality. This section points out key things driving intake and how daily work affects health and output.
Grouping by production and stageFeed delivery timing and frequencyBunk scoring and refusals controlWater quality and access checksEnvironmental factors affecting intakeLesson 5Formulating rations: balancing energy, protein and fiber using Pearson square and least-cost principlesWe show practical ways to make rations, balancing energy, protein, and fibre with Pearson square and simple low-cost methods, keeping nutrient limits and farm-available feeds in mind.
Setting nutrient specificationsUsing Pearson square for energyBalancing protein and fiber levelsBasics of least-cost formulationChecking rations for practicalityLesson 6Feedstuff composition tables and how to source reliable feed analysis dataThis section teaches reading feed composition tables, comparing data sources, and getting true lab tests, to pick solid values for ration making and farm choices.
Key nutrients listed in feed tablesOfficial and commercial data sourcesSampling and sending feeds to labsInterpreting lab reports and unitsUpdating on-farm feed librariesLesson 7Estimating maintenance, lactation and growth requirements for Holstein dairy cows, beef steers, and growing lambsThis part shows how to figure maintenance, lactation, and growth needs for Holstein cows, beef steers, and growing lambs, using weight, output level, and weather factors for nutrient calculations.
Maintenance energy and protein needsLactation requirements in HolsteinsGrowth needs of beef steersRequirements of growing lambsAdjusting for climate and activityLesson 8Energy systems and units: ME, NE, TDN and converting feed energy valuesThis section clears up energy systems in ruminant nutrition like ME, NE, and TDN. You'll learn how they're figured, when to use each, and converting feed energy across systems.
Gross, digestible and metabolizable energyNet energy for maintenance and gainTotal digestible nutrients conceptConverting between energy systemsUsing energy values in ration softwareLesson 9Forage quality assessment: sampling, laboratory tests, and in-field evaluation (DM, CP, NDF, energy)This section details checking forage quality, from right sampling to lab tests and field checks. Focus on DM, CP, NDF, and energy, and how they guide ration making and harvest.
Sampling hay, silage and pastureOn-farm dry matter determinationLab analysis for CP, NDF and energyScoring visual and sensory qualityUsing results to adjust rationsLesson 10Protein requirements and degradable vs undegradable protein in ruminantsWe explain ruminant protein needs and rumen degradable vs undegradable protein. Covers microbe protein making, balancing RDP and RUP, and effects of too little or too much feeding.
Rumen degradable versus undegradable proteinMicrobial protein synthesis in rumenBalancing RDP and RUP in dietsProtein needs by class of animalImpacts of protein excess or deficit
