Lesson 1AP pelvis: patient positioning, centering (midline at iliac crest or midway between ASIS and symphysis), SID, beam direction, and leg rotationExplains AP pelvis positioning landmarks, centering options, SID selection, beam direction, and appropriate leg rotation to demonstrate femoral necks while limiting patient discomfort and avoiding pelvic distortion in routine exams.
Align midsagittal plane to table midlineCenter midway ASIS–symphysis or iliac crestSelect standard 40-inch SID for pelvisDirect beam perpendicular to image receptorInternally rotate legs 15–20 degreesLesson 2AP knee: preparation, clothing removal, and comfort/immobilisation strategiesCovers patient greeting, verification of mobility limits, clothing and artefact removal, and use of supports or immobilisation to maintain knee extension and comfort while minimising motion during AP knee radiography.
Confirm mobility limits and pain levelRemove pants, braces, and metallic itemsUse sponges to support knee and ankleImmobilize with sandbags or strapsProvide blankets and explain sensationsLesson 3AP knee common errors (e.g., cut-off, rotation, underexposure) and corrective measuresAnalyses typical AP knee errors such as rotation, cutoff, and underexposure, teaching recognition on images and stepwise corrective actions to improve positioning, collimation, and exposure selection in practice.
Recognize internal or external rotationIdentify cutoff of patella or condylesDetect underexposure and image noiseCorrect flexion and realign joint spaceAdjust collimation and repeat if neededLesson 4AP pelvis: patient prep, clothing/jewellery removal, and immobilisationDetails patient identification, pregnancy screening, clothing and jewellery removal, and immobilisation strategies that reduce motion and improve comfort while preparing for an AP pelvis examination.
Verify identity and explain procedureScreen for pregnancy and recent imagingRemove pants, underwear, and jewelrySecure gown and maintain patient privacyUse sponges and straps to limit motionLesson 5AP pelvis: three objective image quality criteria (pelvic symmetry, femoral neck visibility, absence of motion)Defines three key AP pelvis quality criteria—pelvic symmetry, femoral neck visualisation, and absence of motion—and explains how to systematically evaluate each on completed images for better diagnostics.
Check symmetry of iliac wings and obturatorsConfirm full visualization of femoral necksAssess sharp cortical and trabecular detailLook for motion blur in pelvic structuresDocument findings for quality assuranceLesson 6AP knee: suggested exposure ranges (kVp and mAs) for adult extremity imaging and expected image characteristicsOutlines typical kVp and mAs ranges for adult AP knee imaging, how to adapt for habitus, and the expected radiographic appearance, including cortical detail, trabecular pattern, and joint space visibility.
Select baseline kVp for adult kneesAdjust mAs for habitus and table buckyRecognize adequate penetration of condylesAssess cortical sharpness and trabeculaeEvaluate joint space and soft tissue detailLesson 7AP knee image quality criteria (joint space visualisation, absence of rotation, cortical outlines)Explains AP knee image quality criteria, including joint space visualisation, absence of rotation, and clear cortical outlines, and shows how to apply these checks consistently in daily practice.
Evaluate medial and lateral joint spacesConfirm patella centered over femurAssess cortical margins for sharpnessCheck for motion blur or double outlinesRecord quality issues and corrective stepsLesson 8AP knee: detailed positioning, centering (tibiofemoral joint), SID, beam angulation if required, and collimation/grid useProvides stepwise AP knee positioning, including leg alignment, centering to the tibiofemoral joint, SID, optional beam angulation, and decisions on collimation and grid use for different patient sizes.
Align femur and tibia with table midlineCenter to tibiofemoral joint spaceUse standard 40-inch SID for kneesApply 3–5° caudal tilt when indicatedCollimate tightly decide on grid useLesson 9AP knee: patient ID and pre-exam checks relevant to knee imagingFocuses on confirming patient identity, correct side and indication, allergy and implant history, and pre-exam safety checks specific to AP knee imaging, including recent trauma and weight-bearing status.
Use two identifiers and verify exam sideConfirm clinical history and indicationsCheck for prostheses, hardware, or bracesReview recent trauma and pain severityConfirm pregnancy status when applicableLesson 10AP pelvis: patient ID, pregnancy check, and relevant pre-checksDescribes patient identification, pregnancy screening, prior imaging review, and other safety-related pre-checks that must be completed before performing an AP pelvis examination in clinical settings.
Use two identifiers and verify requestConfirm correct exam and clinical questionScreen for pregnancy and LMP detailsReview prior pelvic imaging and reportsCheck mobility limits and pain levelLesson 11AP pelvis: collimation, grid usage, and typical exposure factor ranges (kVp and mAs) with rationaleCovers collimation boundaries for AP pelvis, indications for grid use, and typical adult exposure factor ranges, explaining how kVp and mAs choices affect contrast, dose, and visualisation of pelvic anatomy.
Define superior and inferior collimation limitsInclude lateral soft tissues without excess fieldSelect grid for adult pelvis thicknessChoose baseline kVp and adjust for habitusBalance mAs for noise and patient doseLesson 12AP pelvis common errors (e.g., rotation, incorrect leg rotation) and prevention/correctionReviews frequent AP pelvis errors such as pelvic rotation, incorrect leg rotation, and cutoff, with strategies for detection on images and practical positioning corrections to prevent repeat exposures.
Identify pelvic rotation on imageRecognize inadequate leg internal rotationDetect cutoff of iliac wings or symphysisCorrect flexed knees or pelvic tiltDocument and learn from repeat images
