Lesson 1Atrial Irregular Heartbeat and Blood Clots in Long-Term Atrial Fibrillation: Atrial Changes, Stagnant Blood, and Stroke DangerExplains how ongoing atrial fibrillation changes the heart's upper chambers, causes blood to pool, and raises clot risks, combining biology of changes with ways to predict strokes, use imaging, and manage blood thinners.
Electrical and structural changes in atriaLoss of atrial push and blood flow effectsStagnant blood in left atrial appendage and clotsCHA₂DS₂-VASc and bleeding risk calculationsImaging for atrial clots and blood movementHow heart clots cause strokesLesson 2Lack of Blood Flow Pathophysiology in ST-Elevation Heart Attack (STEMI): Plaque Break, Clotting, Full Wall Damage and Lower Wall AnatomyLooks at the steps from plaque breaking to full blockage and deep heart muscle damage in STEMI, focusing on heart vessel layout, lower wall weaknesses, right ventricle effects, and how this affects symptoms, heart tracings, and treatments.
Plaque break and clotting processFull blockage and wave of cell deathDeep tissue damage and ST-elevation signsBlood supply to lower wall and variationsRight ventricle heart attack effectsReopening injury and savable heart tissueLesson 3How Common Extra Conditions (High Blood Pressure, Sugar Disease, Kidney Issues, Past Stroke, Smoking, High Fat Blood) Affect Heart PathophysiologyShows how high blood pressure, diabetes, kidney disease, previous stroke, smoking, and high cholesterol work with heart structure, vessels, and clotting, speeding up artery hardening, changes, irregular beats, and heart failure worsening.
High blood pressure and left heart thickeningDiabetes, small vessel issues, and heart failureKidney disease, waste toxins, and fluid overloadHigh cholesterol and artery plaque loadSmoking, vessel lining damage, and clottingPast stroke and heart-brain connectionsLesson 4Limits of Basic Pathophysiology Models and Applying to Patients with Many Illnesses and Old AgeTalks about why standard heart models don't always work for older people with multiple conditions, pointing out reduced body reserves, many medicines, weakness, and other risks that make diagnosis, risk guessing, and treatment harder.
Body aging and less reserve capacityUnusual signs in older patientsMany illnesses and overlapping causesMany drugs and changed medicine effectsRisk calculations in mixed groupsPersonalizing aims and joint choicesLesson 5Medicine Mechanisms: ACEi/ARB/ARNI, Beta Blockers, MRAs, SGLT2 Blockers, Anti-Clot Platelets and Blood Thinners, Reopening Treatments and Body EffectsGoes over how main heart medicines work, linking targets and pathways to blood flow, hormone, and anti-clot effects, and how these bring symptom ease and better results.
RAAS blocking with ACEi, ARB, and ARNIBeta blockers and nerve system controlMRAs and hormone-driven changesSGLT2 blockers and heart-kidney benefitsAntiplatelet paths and clot preventionBlood thinners and clotting chain targetsLesson 6Blood Flow Effects of Weak Left Heart Pump: Preload, Afterload, Squeeze Power, and Fluid Buildup Explaining Shortness of Breath, Lying Down Breathing, Neck Vein, Lung Sounds, SwellingShows how weak left heart pumping changes preload, afterload, and squeeze, causing fluid buildup and low output, linking to signs like shortness of breath, breathing when lying, raised neck veins, lung crackles, and leg swelling.
Frank-Starling curve in weak pumpingAfterload, vessel tightness, and left heart workHormone responses to low outputLung vein high pressure and breathlessnessBody vein fluid buildup and swellingNeck vein, liver push, and exam hintsLesson 7Body Basis for Test Results: Heart Tracing Changes (Left Thickening, Lower ST-Rises, AF), Echo Signs in Weak Heart Failure and Wall Movement Issues, Markers (Heart Damage Protein, Heart Stress Hormone)Looks at how heart body processes create typical heart tracing, echo, and marker patterns, helping interpret left thickening, low blood flow, atrial fibrillation, and heart failure in a useful clinical way.
Voltage signs and recovery in left thickeningLower ST-rise and vessel layoutAF causes and tracing unevennessEcho traits of weak heart failure and wall movesHeart damage protein timing and cell deathHeart stress hormone and wall tension bodyLesson 8Heart Changes and Weak Pumping Mechanisms Leading to Heart Failure with Low Pump Fraction (HFrEF)Describes tiny, cell, and structure processes causing heart changes and weak pumping in HFrEF, including hormone activation, cell damage, scarring, chamber widening, and how these weaken pump work.
Cell loss, programmed death, and tissue deathThickening, widening, and shape shiftsScarring, stiffness, and signal delaysHormone causes of changesValve leak from left chamber wideningReversing changes with standard treatments
