Lesson 1AP pelvis: patient positioning, centering (midline at iliac crest or midway between ASIS and symphysis), SID, beam direction, and leg rotationExplains AP pelvis placement marks, centering choices, SID pick, beam direction, and right leg turn to show femoral necks while cutting patient discomfort and avoiding pelvis twist.
Align middle plane to table middleCenter midway ASIS-symphysis or iliac crestPick standard 40-inch SID for pelvisDirect beam straight to image catcherTurn legs in 15-20 degreesLesson 2AP knee: preparation, clothing removal, and comfort/immobilisation strategiesCovers patient welcome, check of movement limits, clothing and artifact removal, and use of supports or holding to keep knee straight and comfy while cutting motion in AP knee X-ray.
Confirm movement limits and pain levelRemove trousers, supports, and metal itemsUse cushions to hold knee and ankleHold with sandbags or tiesGive blankets and explain feelingsLesson 3AP knee common errors (e.g., cut-off, rotation, underexposure) and corrective measuresLooks at usual AP knee mistakes like turn, cutoff, and under-exposure, teaching spotting on pictures and step-by-step fix actions to boost placement, collimation, and exposure pick.
Spot inner or outer turnFind cutoff of kneecap or condylesSpot under-exposure and picture noiseFix bend and realign joint spaceAdjust collimation and repeat if neededLesson 4AP pelvis: patient prep, clothing/jewellery removal, and immobilisationDetails patient check, pregnancy screen, clothing and jewellery removal, and holding strategies that cut motion and boost comfort while prepping for AP pelvis exam.
Verify identity and explain stepScreen for pregnancy and recent imagingRemove trousers, underclothes, and jewellerySecure gown and keep patient privacyUse cushions and ties to limit motionLesson 5AP pelvis: three objective image quality criteria (pelvic symmetry, femoral neck visibility, absence of motion)Defines three key AP pelvis quality rules—pelvis evenness, femoral neck show, and no motion—and explains how to check each steadily on finished pictures.
Check evenness of iliac wings and obturatorsConfirm full show of femoral necksCheck sharp bone and inner detailLook for motion blur in pelvis partsNote findings for quality checkLesson 6AP knee: suggested exposure ranges (kVp and mAs) for adult extremity imaging and expected image characteristicsOutlines usual kVp and mAs ranges for adult AP knee imaging, how to change for build, and expected picture look, including bone detail, inner pattern, and joint space show.
Pick base kVp for adult kneesAdjust mAs for build and table setupSpot good penetration of condylesCheck bone sharpness and inner linesCheck joint space and soft part detailLesson 7AP knee image quality criteria (joint space visualisation, absence of rotation, cortical outlines)Explains AP knee picture quality rules, including joint space show, no turn, and clear bone edges, and shows how to apply these checks steadily in daily work.
Check inner and outer joint spacesConfirm kneecap centered over thigh boneCheck bone edges for sharpnessLook for motion blur or double edgesRecord quality issues and fix stepsLesson 8AP knee: detailed positioning, centering (tibiofemoral joint), SID, beam angulation if required, and collimation/grid useGives step-by-step AP knee placement, including leg line, centering to knee joint, SID, optional beam angle, and choices on collimation and grid for different patient sizes.
Align thigh and shin with table middleCenter to knee joint spaceUse standard 40-inch SID for kneesApply 3–5° downward tilt if neededCollimate tightlyDecide on grid useLesson 9AP knee: patient ID and pre-exam checks relevant to knee imagingFocuses on confirming patient identity, right side and reason, allergy and implant history, and pre-exam safety checks for AP knee imaging, including recent injury and weight support status.
Use two checks and verify exam sideConfirm health history and reasonsCheck for false joints, metal, or supportsReview recent injury and pain strengthConfirm pregnancy status if fitsLesson 10AP pelvis: patient ID, pregnancy check, and relevant pre-checksDescribes patient check, pregnancy screen, past imaging review, and other safety pre-checks needed before AP pelvis exam.
Use two checks and verify requestConfirm right exam and health questionScreen for pregnancy and last period detailsReview past pelvis imaging and reportsCheck movement limits and pain levelLesson 11AP pelvis: collimation, grid usage, and typical exposure factor ranges (kVp and mAs) with rationaleCovers collimation edges for AP pelvis, reasons for grid use, and usual adult exposure ranges, explaining how kVp and mAs picks affect contrast, dose, and pelvis body show.
Define top and bottom collimation edgesInclude side soft parts without extra fieldPick grid for adult pelvis thicknessChoose base kVp and adjust for buildBalance mAs for noise and patient doseLesson 12AP pelvis common errors (e.g., rotation, incorrect leg rotation) and prevention/correctionReviews common AP pelvis mistakes like pelvis turn, wrong leg turn, and cutoff, with ways for spotting on pictures and practical placement fixes to stop repeat exposures.
Spot pelvis turn on pictureSpot poor leg inner turnFind cutoff of iliac wings or joinFix bent knees or pelvis tiltNote and learn from repeat pictures
