Lesson 1Urine studies and interpretation: urinalysis, urine sediment microscopy, urine electrolytes, fractional excretion of sodium and ureaThis lesson shows how to collect and read urine tests in AKI on CKD, covering urinalysis, looking at urine sediment under microscope, urine electrolytes, and calculations like fractional excretion to tell apart causes before the kidney, in the kidney, or after the kidney.
Standard urinalysis and dipstick findingsSediment microscopy and key castsUrine sodium and osmolality patternsFENa, FEUrea, and their limitationsIntegrating urine data with clinical contextLesson 2Acute complications requiring urgent action: hyperkalemia, severe acidosis, pulmonary edema, uremic manifestationsThis lesson covers urgent problems in AKI on CKD like high potassium, bad acidosis, lung water buildup, and uremia signs, teaching how to stabilise quickly and know when dialysis is needed right away.
Emergency management of hyperkalemiaTreatment of severe metabolic acidosisRecognition and therapy of pulmonary edemaIdentifying uremic symptoms and signsDialysis triggers in acute complicationsLesson 3Definitions and staging of AKI and CKD, KDIGO criteria and integrationThis lesson explains what AKI and CKD mean, how to stage them using KDIGO guidelines, combining acute and long-term changes, and how this helps predict outcomes, watch closely, and know when to call a specialist.
KDIGO AKI diagnostic criteriaKDIGO AKI staging and prognosisCKD definition, staging, and GFR categoriesIntegrating AKI on CKD classificationsImplications for follow-up and counselingLesson 4Pathophysiology of acute on chronic kidney injury: hemodynamic, intrinsic, and postrenal causesThis lesson breaks down why acute injury happens on chronic kidney damage, looking at blood flow issues, direct kidney damage, blockages after the kidney, and linking them to patient signs, tests, and treatments.
Hemodynamic causes and renal perfusionIntrinsic tubular and glomerular injuryPostrenal obstruction mechanismsNeurohormonal activation in CKD and AKIPathophysiology–guided treatment choicesLesson 5Identification and management of reversible precipitants: sepsis, nephrotoxins, volume depletion or overload, obstructionThis lesson helps spot and fix things causing AKI in CKD patients like infections, bad medicines, low or too much fluid, blockages, stressing quick action to stop more kidney harm.
Recognizing sepsis and hemodynamic instabilityIdentifying and stopping nephrotoxic medicationsAssessing hypovolemia and fluid responsivenessManaging volume overload and decongestionDetecting and relieving urinary tract obstructionLesson 6Imaging indications and interpretation: renal ultrasound for obstruction, bladder scan, point-of-care ultrasound for volume statusThis lesson guides when to do scans for AKI on CKD, like kidney ultrasound for blocks, bladder checks for urine hold-up, and quick bedside scans for fluid levels, heart work, and lung fluid.
Indications for renal ultrasoundRecognizing hydronephrosis and obstructionBladder scan for retention and retention riskPOCUS for IVC and volume assessmentLung and cardiac POCUS in AKI on CKDLesson 7Key laboratory interpretation: creatinine kinetics, BUN/creatinine ratio, electrolytes, acid-base analysis, lactateThis lesson focuses on reading important blood tests in AKI on CKD, like creatinine changes over time, BUN to creatinine ratio, salts, acid balance, lactate, to separate new from old problems and guide urgent care.
Creatinine trends and baseline estimationUsing BUN/creatinine ratio in contextElectrolyte patterns in AKI on CKDAcid–base analysis and anion gap useLactate, perfusion, and tissue hypoxiaLesson 8Decision-making for renal replacement therapy in AKI: indications, timing, modality selection (intermittent hemodialysis vs CRRT vs SLED)This lesson covers choices for dialysis in AKI on CKD, standard reasons, when to start, picking between regular dialysis, continuous types, or slower ones based on patient stability, resources, care goals.
Absolute and relative indications for RRTEarly versus delayed initiation strategiesChoosing intermittent HD versus CRRTWhen to use SLED and hybrid approachesAnticoagulation and access considerationsLesson 9Interdisciplinary communication with ICU, ED, primary teams and nursing for urgent AKI careThis lesson stresses good teamwork talk between ICU, emergency, main doctors, nurses for urgent AKI, using shared understanding, clear jobs, escalation points, standard handovers for better safety.
Essential data to share during handoffClarifying roles and responsibilitiesEscalation criteria and rapid responseCommunicating dialysis urgency and plansDocumentation and closed-loop communicationLesson 10Initial rapid bedside assessment: history, focused exam, volume status, hemodynamicsThis lesson outlines quick bedside checks for AKI on CKD, mixing patient story, key exam parts, fluid check, blood pressure flows to spot dangers fast and likely causes.
Key history elements in AKI on CKDFocused exam for perfusion and congestionBedside tools for volume status assessmentBlood pressure, MAP, and perfusion targetsRisk stratification for deterioration and ICU
