Lesson 1Indications for revascularisation: endovascular vs open surgery, patient selection, peri-procedural planning, and outcomesExplains when to think about revascularisation for leg pain when walking and severe limb shortage of blood. Compares keyhole and open operations, choosing patients, planning around procedures, and real hopes for keeping vessels open and better function.
Indications in claudication versus CLIEndovascular techniques and devicesOpen surgical bypass principlesAnatomic and clinical selection factorsOutcome expectations and complication risksLesson 2Medical management: antiplatelet therapy, statins, antihypertensives, glycemic control — drug classes, example agents, targets, and evidence basisLooks at blood thinning drugs, cholesterol lowers, blood pressure meds, and sugar control in leg artery disease. Points out goals, big studies, picking drugs with other illnesses, and ways to stick to treatment while cutting side effects.
Antiplatelet options and dosing in PADLipid lowering intensity and statin choiceBlood pressure targets and drug classesGlycemic control strategies in PADPolypharmacy, adherence, and monitoringLesson 3Ankle-brachial index (ABI): technique, interpretation, and limitations (including falsely elevated ABI)Gives step-by-step way to measure ABI, readying patient, and tools needed. Covers reading levels, traps like hardened arteries, and other tests when ABI is wrong or unclear.
Patient positioning and cuff selectionDoppler probe placement and readingsABI calculation and cutoff valuesRecognizing falsely elevated ABIWhen to use TBI or other adjunct testsLesson 4Duplex ultrasonography for PAD: waveform analysis, peak systolic velocity ratios, and segmental localisationCovers ultrasound basics for leg arteries, scanning method, and checking sections. Stresses wave shapes, speed ratios, and signs for narrow spots and finding serious blockages.
Probe selection and patient positioningArterial mapping and segmental approachWaveform patterns in health and diseasePeak systolic velocity ratio criteriaReporting and documentation standardsLesson 5Advanced vascular imaging: CTA and contrast-enhanced MRA indications, protocols, and common artifactsDiscusses CT angiogram and MRI angiogram with dye uses, no-gos, and best settings. Reviews pictures, rebuilding, and spotting fake signs that look like or hide artery problems.
Patient selection for CTA versus MRAContrast use, dosing, and safety issuesAcquisition parameters and reconstructionRecognition of motion and metal artifactsStrategies to reduce artifacts and misreadsLesson 6Pathophysiology of atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease (PAD) and risk factorsLooks into plaque buildup in leg arteries, how it grows, and blood flow effects. Stresses body-wide risks, how they mix, leading to leg lack of blood and heart troubles.
Atherogenesis in peripheral arterial bedsEndothelial dysfunction and inflammationHemodynamic impact of stenosis and occlusionTraditional and emerging PAD risk factorsRisk factor clustering and global CV riskLesson 7Noninvasive functional tests: treadmill testing, toe-brachial index, and transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO2)Details steps for walking machine tests, toe-arm index, and skin oxygen measure. Focuses on standards, safety, reading points, and how these help diagnose, predict, and pick treatments for leg artery issues.
Treadmill protocols and safety measuresTreadmill test interpretation in PADToe-brachial index technique and cutoffsTcPO2 measurement setup and calibrationFunctional tests in treatment decision-makingLesson 8Follow-up strategies for PAD patients: frequency, surveillance tests, wound care referral triggers, and secondary prevention metricsSets out regular check-ups after leg artery diagnosis or fix. Reviews monitoring tests, sore checks, when to send to wound experts, and tracking prevention to avoid leg loss and heart events.
Post-intervention surveillance schedulesUse of ABI and duplex in follow-upFoot exams and wound referral criteriaMonitoring risk factor control metricsPatient education and self-care plansLesson 9Exercise therapy and supervised walking programmes: prescription, expected benefits, and monitoringDescribes guided walking sessions, home plans, and exercise orders. Talks about how it helps, timelines, no-gos, and ways to check sticking to it, symptoms, and gains.
Exercise prescription components in PADSupervised versus home-based programsMechanisms of improved walking distanceMonitoring symptoms and functional gainsContraindications and safety precautionsLesson 10Clinical presentation and differential diagnoses of intermittent claudication and critical limb ischaemiaClears up usual signs of walking leg pain and severe limb lack of blood. Tells apart artery issues from nerve, bone, or vein leg pains, guiding checks and quick sends for advanced help.
Typical intermittent claudication featuresSigns of critical limb ischemiaNeurogenic versus vascular claudicationMusculoskeletal and venous mimickersKey history and exam for differentiationLesson 11Acute limb ischaemia recognition and first 24–48 hour management: anticoagulation, vascular surgery consult, thrombolysis and embolectomy basicsDeals with quick spotting of sudden limb blood block, bed checks, and risk levels. Sets out fast blood thinning, scans, and working with surgeons for clot busters, removal, or urgent fixes.
Clinical classification of acute limb ischemiaBedside vascular exam and Doppler useInitial anticoagulation and monitoringIndications for urgent vascular consultBasics of thrombolysis and embolectomy
