Lesson 1Mineralogy and rock classifications: igneous, sedimentary, metamorphicThis section reviews mineralogical composition and rock classification of construction stones, distinguishing igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic groups, and explains how mineral content and texture influence engineering behaviour and durability in service.
Essential rock‑forming minerals in stoneIgneous building stones and usesSedimentary stones: limestones and sandstonesMetamorphic stones: marbles and slatesMineralogy effects on durabilityLesson 2Thermal properties: coefficient of thermal expansion, heat capacity, thermal conductivityThis section examines how stone responds to temperature changes, covering thermal expansion, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity, and explains how these properties affect cracking risk, joint detailing, insulation, and long-term dimensional stability.
Linear thermal expansion coefficientsThermal conductivity test methodsVolumetric heat capacity of stoneThermal shock and cracking riskDesign of movement joints in stoneLesson 3Aesthetic and finish properties: colour stability, polishability, staining tendencyThis section addresses aesthetic and finish-related properties of stone, including colour stability, polishability, and staining tendency, and explains how mineralogy, surface treatments, and environment influence long-term visual performance and maintenance.
Color measurement and stability testsPolishability and gloss retentionStaining mechanisms and preventionSurface treatments and sealersWeathering of exposed stone facadesLesson 4Durability metrics: freeze–thaw resistance, salt crystallisation, chemical weatheringThis section covers durability indicators for stone in harsh environments, focusing on freeze–thaw cycling, salt crystallisation, and chemical weathering, and links laboratory test results to service life prediction and selection of suitable stone types.
Freeze–thaw cycling test proceduresSalt crystallization damage mechanismsChemical weathering and dissolutionDurability classification of stone typesService life prediction for claddingLesson 5Hydraulic properties: water absorption, capillarity, permeabilityThis section analyses hydraulic properties of stone, including water absorption, capillary uptake, and permeability, and explains how moisture transport affects freeze–thaw damage, salt attack, biological growth, and the performance of protective treatments.
Water absorption test standardsCapillary rise and suction curvesIntrinsic permeability of stoneMoisture effects on strength and decayWater‑repellent treatments and limitsLesson 6Mechanical properties: compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticityThis section presents key mechanical properties of stone, such as compressive and tensile strength and modulus of elasticity, and discusses test methods, scale effects, anisotropy, and how to use these parameters in structural design and safety checks.
Uniaxial compressive strength testsIndirect tensile and flexural testsStatic and dynamic elastic modulusSize, defects, and scale effectsDesign values and safety factorsLesson 7Wear properties: abrasion resistance, impact resistance, Mohs hardnessThis section details wear-related properties of stone, including abrasion resistance, impact resistance, and hardness, and explains how these parameters guide material selection for pavements, stairs, flooring, and other high-traffic or mechanically stressed applications.
Böhme and Taber abrasion testsImpact resistance and drop testsMohs hardness and scratch testingSlip resistance versus surface wearSpecification for heavy‑traffic pavementsLesson 8Physical properties: specific gravity, bulk density, porosityThis section introduces basic physical properties of stone, including specific gravity, bulk density, and porosity, and explains their measurement, interrelations, and influence on strength, thermal behaviour, transport properties, and handling logistics.
Specific gravity and relative densityBulk density and unit weightTotal and effective porosityLinks between density and strengthSampling and laboratory proceduresLesson 9Surface and microstructure: grain size, porosity distribution, microcracksThis section explores stone surface and internal microstructure, including grain size, porosity distribution, and microcracks, and shows how petrographic features control strength, durability, anisotropy, and appearance under different loading and exposure conditions.
Grain size and fabric characterizationOpen versus closed porosity in stoneDetection of microcracks and flawsAnisotropy from bedding and foliationMicrostructure–property correlations
