Amperometry Course

Lesson 1 • Current-Potential Relationships

Explains how applied potential drives faradaic current in electrochemical cells. Provides the quantitative link between potential control and analyte detection.

Lesson 2 • Mass Transport in Electrochemistry

Describes diffusion, migration, and convection as mechanisms delivering analyte to electrode surfaces. Directly governs amperometric signal magnitude and stability.

Lesson 3 • Electrochemistry Core Concepts

Introduces oxidation-reduction reactions and electron transfer at electrode surfaces. Establishes the chemical basis for all amperometric measurements.

Lesson 4 • Electrochemical Cell Design Basics

Introduces two- and three-electrode cell configurations and their functional roles. Sets the hardware context for all subsequent amperometric techniques.

Lesson 1 • Defining Amperometry

Distinguishes amperometry from voltammetry and potentiometry by its fixed-potential, current-measurement paradigm. Frames the technique's analytical utility.

Lesson 2 • Signal Generation Mechanisms

Explains how analyte oxidation or reduction at a fixed potential produces a measurable faradaic current. Links molecular events to instrument readout.

Lesson 3 • Calibration and Quantitative Analysis

Introduces external calibration, standard addition, and internal standard methods for amperometric quantification. Ensures accurate analyte concentration determination.

Lesson 4 • Sensitivity and Detection Limits

Quantifies the relationship between analyte concentration and current response, including noise sources. Enables students to evaluate and improve method sensitivity.

Lesson 1 • Carbon-Based Electrode Platforms

Focuses on carbon paste, screen-printed, and graphene-based electrodes widely used in modern amperometry. Highlights cost, versatility, and surface renewability.

Lesson 2 • Electrode Characterisation Methods

Introduces cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance, and microscopy for electrode surface characterisation. Validates surface modification quality before amperometric use.

Lesson 3 • Electrode Surface Modification Strategies

Covers chemical and physical methods to functionalise electrode surfaces for enhanced selectivity and sensitivity. Directly enables biosensor and modified electrode design.

Lesson 4 • Electrode Fouling and Maintenance

Identifies fouling mechanisms that degrade amperometric signals and presents prevention and regeneration strategies. Ensures long-term electrode reliability in practice.

Lesson 1 • Potentiostat Architecture and Operation

Explains potentiostat circuit design, control loops, and current measurement electronics. Provides the technical foundation for instrument operation and selection.

Lesson 2 • Amperometric Cell Configurations

Covers flow-through, batch, and thin-layer cell designs used in amperometric detection. Matches cell geometry to application requirements and sample throughput.

Lesson 3 • Reference and Counter Electrode Setup

Details proper reference electrode preparation, maintenance, and counter electrode sizing. Ensures stable potential control and minimal cell resistance errors.

Lesson 4 • Data Acquisition and Software Control

Covers analog-to-digital conversion, sampling rates, and software-controlled potential application. Enables accurate digital recording and processing of amperometric data.

Lesson 1 • Rotating Ring-Disk Electrode Methods

Extends RDE to dual-electrode detection of reaction intermediates and products at the ring. Enables mechanistic studies of electrode reaction pathways.

Lesson 2 • Rotating Disk Electrode Fundamentals

Derives the Levich equation relating limiting current to rotation rate and diffusion coefficient. Establishes the rotating disk electrode as a controlled hydrodynamic tool.

Lesson 3 • Flow Injection Amperometric Analysis

Integrates amperometric detection with flow injection analysis for high-throughput sample processing. Covers manifold design, injection valves, and peak current quantification.

Lesson 4 • Capillary Electrophoresis Amperometric Detection

Addresses the technical challenges of coupling amperometric detection to capillary electrophoresis. Covers end-column, off-column, and on-column electrode configurations.

Lesson 1 • Biosensor Performance Evaluation

Defines and measures key biosensor metrics including sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and reproducibility. Provides a standardised framework for biosensor validation.

Lesson 2 • Immunosensors and Affinity-Based Detection

Integrates antibody-antigen binding with amperometric signal transduction for biomarker detection. Covers label-based and label-free immunosensor architectures.

Lesson 3 • Glucose Sensor Design and Optimisation

Uses glucose oxidase as a model system to optimise biosensor sensitivity, linearity, and stability. Translates biosensor principles into a clinically relevant application.

Lesson 4 • Nucleic Acid Amperometric Biosensors

Applies DNA hybridisation and aptamer binding as recognition events for amperometric detection. Enables pathogen and biomarker detection at low concentrations.

Lesson 1 • Sample Preparation for Amperometry

Covers digestion, extraction, dilution, and filtration techniques adapted for electrochemical detection. Prevents electrode fouling and matrix suppression of signals.

Lesson 2 • Method Development Strategy

Outlines a systematic approach to selecting electrode, potential, electrolyte, and sample preparation. Reduces development time through structured experimental design.

Lesson 3 • Validation Parameters and Protocols

Covers accuracy, precision, linearity, range, and robustness as core validation parameters. Aligns method validation with internationally recognised analytical guidelines.

Lesson 4 • Documentation and Regulatory Compliance

Addresses method documentation, standard operating procedures, and compliance with analytical quality standards. Prepares students for regulated laboratory environments.

Lesson 1 • Environmental Amperometric Monitoring

Applies amperometric sensors to heavy metal, pesticide, and dissolved oxygen detection in environmental matrices. Covers field-deployable sensor design and in-situ measurement.

Lesson 2 • Nanomaterial-Enhanced Amperometry

Evaluates gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and metal-organic frameworks as electrode modifiers for signal amplification. Connects nanomaterial properties to analytical performance gains.

Lesson 3 • Wearable and Implantable Amperometric Sensors

Addresses flexible substrate electrodes, biocompatibility, and continuous monitoring for wearable and implantable applications. Highlights sweat, interstitial fluid, and blood analytes.

Lesson 4 • Multiplexed and Array Amperometric Systems

Introduces electrode arrays and microfluidic integration for simultaneous multi-analyte amperometric detection. Addresses cross-talk, addressable electrodes, and data management.