Diabetes Course

Lesson 1 • Pathophysiology of Hyperglycaemia

Details cellular and organ-level consequences of chronic elevated blood glucose. Builds mechanistic understanding needed for complication prevention.

Lesson 2 • Overview of Diabetes as a Disease

Defines diabetes mellitus and its historical recognition as a metabolic disorder. Provides the conceptual baseline for all subsequent clinical content.

Lesson 3 • Classification of Diabetes Types

Distinguishes Type 1, Type 2, gestational, and secondary diabetes by aetiology. Accurate classification guides appropriate treatment selection.

Lesson 4 • Risk Factors and Screening Strategies

Identifies modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors and evidence-based screening protocols. Enables early detection before clinical symptoms appear.

Lesson 1 • Diagnostic Criteria and Laboratory Tests

Covers fasting glucose, oral glucose tolerance, and HbA1c thresholds for diagnosis. Accurate test interpretation prevents misclassification and delayed treatment.

Lesson 2 • Differentiating Diabetes Subtypes Clinically

Uses clinical features, autoantibodies, and C-peptide to distinguish subtypes. Correct subtype identification prevents inappropriate therapy.

Lesson 3 • Physical Examination for Diabetes

Guides systematic physical assessment targeting diabetes-related organ systems. Findings direct complication screening and treatment prioritisation.

Lesson 4 • Comprehensive Patient History Taking

Structures the diabetes-focused history including symptoms, family history, and lifestyle. Thorough history informs individualised management planning.

Lesson 1 • Meal Planning and Portion Control

Teaches practical tools including plate method, exchange lists, and carb budgets. Patients gain actionable skills to structure balanced, glucose-friendly meals.

Lesson 2 • Special Nutritional Considerations

Addresses dietary needs during illness, fasting, pregnancy, and renal disease. Adapting nutrition plans prevents metabolic crises in high-risk situations.

Lesson 3 • Evidence-Based Dietary Patterns

Compares Mediterranean, low-carbohydrate, DASH, and plant-based diets for diabetes. Evidence guides pattern selection based on patient preference and comorbidities.

Lesson 4 • Behavioural Strategies for Dietary Adherence

Applies motivational interviewing and self-monitoring to sustain dietary changes. Long-term adherence determines whether nutritional interventions achieve clinical outcomes.

Lesson 1 • Managing Glucose During Exercise

Provides glucose monitoring, carbohydrate adjustment, and medication modification strategies. Prevents hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia during and after physical activity.

Lesson 2 • Resistance and Flexibility Training

Integrates strength training and flexibility work to complement aerobic programmes. Combined training produces superior glycaemic and functional outcomes.

Lesson 3 • Exercise Physiology in Diabetes

Explains how aerobic and resistance exercise alter glucose uptake and insulin signalling. Mechanistic knowledge underpins safe and effective exercise prescription.

Lesson 4 • Aerobic Exercise Prescription

Applies FITT principles to prescribe aerobic activity for glycaemic and cardiovascular benefit. Structured prescriptions improve adherence and measurable outcomes.

Lesson 1 • HbA1c and Laboratory Monitoring

Interprets HbA1c alongside fructosamine and eAG for comprehensive glycaemic assessment. Laboratory panels detect emerging complications and guide therapy intensification.

Lesson 2 • Setting and Revising Glycaemic Targets

Individualises HbA1c, time-in-range, and glucose targets based on age, risk, and comorbidities. Dynamic target revision prevents both over-treatment and under-treatment.

Lesson 3 • Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems

Explains CGM sensor technology, metrics, and ambulatory glucose profile interpretation. CGM provides actionable pattern data unavailable from point-in-time testing.

Lesson 4 • Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose

Teaches correct SMBG technique, timing, and frequency for different treatment regimens. Accurate self-monitoring data drives informed day-to-day management decisions.

Lesson 1 • Oral Antidiabetic Agents

Covers metformin, sulfonylureas, DPP-4 inhibitors, SGLT-2 inhibitors, and thiazolidinediones. Mechanism-based understanding enables rational drug selection and combination.

Lesson 2 • Insulin Therapy Fundamentals

Classifies insulin types by onset and duration and explains basal-bolus physiology. Correct insulin selection and timing replicate normal pancreatic secretion patterns.

Lesson 3 • Insulin Dose Titration and Adjustment

Applies structured titration algorithms and correction factors to optimise insulin doses. Systematic adjustment reduces hypoglycaemia while achieving glycaemic targets.

Lesson 4 • Combination Therapy and Individualisation

Guides stepwise intensification and combination of agents based on patient comorbidities. Individualised regimens balance efficacy, safety, cost, and patient preference.

Lesson 1 • DKA Treatment Protocols

Applies fluid resuscitation, insulin infusion, and electrolyte replacement in DKA management. Structured protocols reduce mortality and prevent iatrogenic complications.

Lesson 2 • Hypoglycaemia Recognition and Management

Defines hypoglycaemia severity levels and applies the 15-15 rule and glucagon protocols. Prompt treatment prevents neurological injury and hypoglycaemia-associated autonomic failure.

Lesson 3 • Prevention and Patient Education for Acute Events

Equips patients with sick-day rules, early warning recognition, and emergency action plans. Prevention education reduces acute complication hospitalisations significantly.

Lesson 4 • Diabetic Ketoacidosis Pathophysiology

Explains the insulin deficiency cascade leading to ketogenesis, acidosis, and dehydration. Mechanistic understanding guides each step of DKA treatment protocols.

Lesson 1 • Diabetic Nephropathy

Covers staging of chronic kidney disease in diabetes and renoprotective treatment strategies. Early intervention preserves kidney function and delays dialysis requirement.

Lesson 2 • Diabetic Foot Care and Ulcer Prevention

Applies risk stratification, offloading, and wound care principles to diabetic foot management. Structured foot care programmes reduce amputation rates by over 50 percent.

Lesson 3 • Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes

Addresses atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk, lipid management, and antiplatelet therapy. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in diabetes patients.

Lesson 4 • Diabetic Neuropathy

Identifies peripheral, autonomic, and focal neuropathy presentations and management options. Neuropathy recognition prevents falls, ulcers, and cardiovascular autonomic events.